consero Latin · revision 31182

+ {{homograph|1|sow, plant}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=234–149 BC, Cato|origins=ine-pro *seh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈkõː.sɛ.roː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈkɔn.se.ro]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''cōnserō''' (present infinitive cōnserere, perfect active cōnsēvī, supine cōnsatum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ Celsus and Columella have a perfect ''cōnseruī'' for ''cōnsēvī''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The verb “sow” is formed from [[m|la|con-|t=together, thoroughly]] and [[m|la|serō|t=to sow]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan derives ⟨serō⟩ from [[itc-pro|*sise-|t=to sow]], a reduplicated present [[ine-pro|*si-sh₁-e-|t=to sow]] of the root [[m|ine-pro|*seh₁-]], cognate with [[lt|sėti|t=to sow]], [[cu|сѣти|tr=sěti|t=to sow]] and [[got|𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌽|tr=saian|t=to sow]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Cato is its first author in the OLD, who says “one should be eager to plant one's land” and tells the farmer to plant this kind of olive twenty-five feet apart.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is to sow or plant a field, as in Cato, Varro and Virgil, and in poetry to strew it thickly, as Lucretius' sun that “sows” the fields with light; the participle is said of people beset by troubles.^(OLD 2012) It is also to plant trees or sow seed, as in Cato, Tibullus and Livy, and the ''Bellum Africum'' has hidden stakes set thickly outside a rampart.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “sow or plant with something”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato of planting land and olives.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius of the sun sowing the fields with light.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To sow, [[m|en|plant]] (a field); ''(poetic)'' to strew thickly;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995) ''cōnsitus'', beset.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To plant (trees); to sow (seed); to set thickly.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ {{homograph|2|join}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *ser-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈkõː.sɛ.roː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈkɔn.se.ro]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''cōnserō''' (present infinitive cōnserere, perfect active cōnseruī, supine cōnsertum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ Fronto has a perfect ''cōnsēvistī''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The verb “join” is formed from [[m|la|con-|t=together]] and [[m|la|serō|t=to join, link]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan derives this ⟨serō⟩ from [[itc-pro|*sere-]] and [[ine-pro|*ser-|t=to thread, tie together]], cognate with [[grc|εἴρω|tr=eírō|t=to fasten together]] and [[osc|aserum|t=to lay onto]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus is its first author in the OLD, with ''pugnam cōnseruī senī'', “I joined battle with the old man”, in the ''Bacchides''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is to fasten things together, as Virgil's cloak “fastened with thorns”, to press together, as Matius' “joining lips to lips”, and in the participle ''cōnsertus'' closely packed, as Curtius' ships too crowded to steer.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It is to make by joining, as Virgil's breastplate of linked hooks.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In war ''manum'' or ''manūs cōnserere'' is to come to close quarters, and ''pugnam'' or ''proelium cōnserere'' to join battle, as in Plautus, Virgil and Livy;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) ''sermōnem cōnserere'' is to engage in conversation, as in Curtius.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) In law ''ex iūre manum cōnserere'' is the symbolic struggle of the parties in a suit for possession.^(OLD 2012) It is also to join non-material things, as Livy's farces “joined” to the Atellan plays, and to compose by linking.^(OLD 2012) Wiktionary gives “to fold” in Medieval and Ecclesiastical Latin.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus has ''pugnam cōnserere''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of fastening and of a linked breastplate.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of joining battle and of joined plays.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1st century AD – Curtius has ''sermōnem cōnserere''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To fasten together, [[m|en|join]]; to press together;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) ''cōnsertus'', closely packed.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To make by joining, construct.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''manum'' or ''pugnam cōnserere'': to join battle, fight hand to hand;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) ''sermōnem cōnserere'', to converse.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(law)'' ''ex iūre manum cōnserere'': to make the symbolic claim in a suit for possession.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To link, make continuous; to compose.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' To fold.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[cōnsertiō]]

+ * [[cōnsertus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[serō]]

+ * [[īnserō]]

+ * [[dēserō]]

+ * [[sēmen]]

+ * [[sermō]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The verbs are told apart by their perfects, ''cōnsēvī'' for “sow” and ''cōnseruī'' for “join”, though each is occasionally used with the other's perfect.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}