procumbo Latin · revision 31146

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=96–55 BC, Lucretius|origins=la cubō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [proːˈkʊm.boː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [proˈkum.bo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''prōcumbō''' (present infinitive prōcumbere, perfect active prōcubuī, supine prōcubitum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[m|la|prō-|t=forward]] and ⟨-cumbō⟩, the nasal form of [[m|la|cubō|t=to lie]] used in compounds.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Its first example in the OLD is Lucretius, who says that piety is not “to bow down, prostrate on the ground, before the shrines of the gods”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is to bend forward, as Virgil's rowers straining at the oars, to bow down in worship or supplication, as in Lucretius, and to throw one's weight forward, Pliny the Elder uses it of a mountain sloping to the sea.^(OLD 2012) It is to lie down, as Virgil's “he lay down and gave rest to his limbs”, and in Curtius of a plain spreading out.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ It is also to fall forward or fall down, of the wounded and dying, as Caesar's men who “fall down unhurt”, and figuratively to fall to ruin, as Virgil's house of Evander, or to sink into vice, as Seneca's men who “sank wholly into the tavern and the belly”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Church Latin glosses it “lean or bend forward, sink down, bow”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius of prostrating oneself.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar of falling down.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of leaning forward, lying down and ruin.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca of moral decline.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To bend or lean forward; to [[m|en|prostrate]] oneself, bow down, (of land) to slope down.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To lie down, (of land) to spread out.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To fall forward, fall down, ''(figurative)'' to fall to ruin, sink.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[prōcubitor]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[cubō]]

+ * [[prōcubō]]

+ * [[incumbō]]

+ * [[succumbō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}