valde Latin · revision 31144

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=clipping|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *h₂welh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈwaɫ.deː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈval.de]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''valdē''' (comparative valdius, superlative valdissimē)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a contracted form of [[m|la|validē|t=strongly]], the adverb of [[m|la|validus|t=strong]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010) ⟨Validus⟩ belongs to [[m|la|valeō|t=to be strong]], which de Vaan traces to [[itc-pro|*walē-]] and [[ine-pro|*h₂ulh₁-eh₁-|t=to be strong]], cognate with [[osc|ϝαλε|tr=wale|t=farewell]] and [[cy|gwaladr|t=ruler]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's first example is a fragment of Plautus: “each of them is madly in love, exceedingly”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010) Köbler gives Catullus.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ With verbs it is “in a high degree, strongly, greatly”, as Cicero's “I strongly agree with you”, and with adjectives and adverbs “extremely, very”, as in Plautus, Cicero also uses it to stress a whole sentence.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) In its literal sense it is “vigorously, powerfully”, as Scribonius Largus' medicine that effervesces strongly, and “loudly”, as Petronius' undertaker's slave who thundered so loudly that he roused the whole neighbourhood.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “greatly, exceedingly, very, very much”, and ''valdē quam'' “immensely”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus with an adjective.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero with verbs.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * before 66 AD – Petronius of a loud sound.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|vigorously|alt=Vigorously]], strongly; loudly.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Greatly, intensely, ''(with adjectives and adverbs)'' [[m|en|very]], extremely, exceedingly.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[validus]]

+ * [[valeō]]

+ * [[admodum]]

+ * [[perquam]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein says that ''valdē'' “very”, [[admodum]] “tolerably” and [[multum]] simply heighten a quality, while [[perquam]] does so with a note of astonishment.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}