verecundia Latin · revision 31092

19 Oct 2026, 00:18 by bogdan “la10k Latin batch la75m/b02” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *wer-}}
+ 
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * Classical: [wɛ.reːˈkʊn.di.a]^(Wiktionary)
+ * Ecclesiastical: [ve.reˈkun.di.a]^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Forms==
+ '''verēcundia''' ''f'' (genitive verēcundiae); first declension^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is formed from [[m|la|verēcundus|t=modest, bashful]] with the suffix [[m|la|-ia]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan lists both among the derivatives of [[m|la|vereor|t=to respect, fear]], from [[itc-pro|*werē-|t=to be wary]] and [[ine-pro|*wer-|t=to note, sense]].^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[got|𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍃|tr=wars|t=careful]] and [[ang|wær|t=careful]].^(de Vaan 2008)
+ 
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ De Vaan gives Plautus as its first author,^(de Vaan 2008) in the ''Mostellaria'', where idleness has “thrown down my sense of shame and the measure of virtue”.^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It is restraint arising from respect for others or proper humility, as Cicero's “whoever has once crossed the bounds of modesty had better be thoroughly shameless”, deference toward a person, as in Livy, and reluctance to do something, as Cicero's “reluctance to refuse”.^(OLD 2012) It is also diffidence or shyness, as Cicero's “maidenly bashfulness”, a sense of shame before dishonour, as in Plautus, a sense of decency before what is coarse, and in general moderation.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+ 
+ In Church Latin it is modesty or shame; in medieval Latin it also came to mean an outrage or insult, and a disgraceful punishment.^(Stelten 1995)^(Niermeyer 1976)
+ 
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of a sense of shame.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of restraint, diffidence and decency.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of deference.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Noun===
+ # Restraint, [[m|en|modesty]]; deference, respect; reluctance (to do something).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+ # Shyness, [[m|en|diffidence]], bashfulness.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)
+ # A sense of [[m|en|shame]]; a sense of decency.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)
+ # Moderation.^(OLD 2012)
+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' An outrage, insult; a disgraceful punishment.^(Niermeyer 1976)
+ 
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[vereor]]
+ * [[verēcundus]]
+ * [[pudor]]
+ 
+ ==Usage notes==
+ Döderlein says that ''verērī'' is respect bordering on fear and bashfulness, while ''reverērī'' (from [[revereor]]) is reverence.^(Döderlein 1874) Lewis and Short list [[pudor]], [[pudīcitia]] and [[castitās]] as near-synonyms.^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+ 
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}