tribunal Latin · revision 31077

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=itc-pro *triþu-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [trɪˈbuː.naɫ]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [triˈbuː.nal]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''tribūnal''' ''n'' (genitive tribūnālis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+ A nominative ''tribūnāle'' occurs in an inscription;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Quintilian treats it as pedantic.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[m|la|tribūnus|t=tribune]] with the suffix [[m|la|-al]],^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) as if the neuter of an adjective ⟨*tribūnālis⟩.^(Wiktionary) ⟨Tribūnus⟩ is from [[m|la|tribus|t=tribe]],^(de Vaan 2008)^(Etymonline) which de Vaan traces to [[itc-pro|*triþu-|t=tripartite entity]] and, following Weiss, to [[ine-pro|*tri-dʰh₁-u-|t=tripartite division]]; it is cognate with [[xum|trifu|t=district]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler gives Cicero as its first author.^(Köbler 2010) In the ''Verrines'' he tells of verses written above the tribunal, over the praetor's head.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is the raised platform on which a magistrate's chair stood, where he sat to hear cases, and also such a platform in a military camp or a provincial court, where Cicero's captives were auctioned.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) ''Prō tribūnālī'' means officially.^(OLD 2012) It is also a platform for other uses, for seats in a theatre, in a round temple (Vitruvius), a monument for the dead (Tacitus), and the mounds on which Pliny's coastal people built their huts.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ In medieval Latin it was a royal seat or throne, a gallery or [[m|en|ambo]], and the raised east end of a church.^(Niermeyer 1976) English [[m|en|tribunal]] (early 15th century) first meant a judgment seat; the sense “court of justice” dates from the 1580s.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of the praetor's platform.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 84–c. 25 BC – Vitruvius of a platform in a temple.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus of a monument.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * early 15th century – English [[m|en|tribunal]], a judgment seat.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A raised [[m|en|platform]] for a magistrate's chair; a judgment seat, ''prō tribūnālī'', officially.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A platform in a camp or provincial court.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A platform for other uses (in a theatre or temple); a [[m|en|cenotaph]]; a mound, embankment.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(by metonymy)'' A court of law; judgment.^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A [[m|en|throne]]; a gallery, ambo; the raised east end of a church.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[tribuārius]]

+ * [[tribūlis]]

+ * [[tribūnātus]]

+ * [[tribūnīcius]]

+ * [[tribūnus]]

+ * [[tribuō]]

+ * [[tribus]]

+ * [[tribūtārius]]

+ * [[tribūtim]]

+ * [[tribūtiō]]

+ * [[en|tribunal]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}