improbitas Latin · revision 31064

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=ine-pro *pro-bʰ(h₂)u-o-}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''improbitās''' ''f'' (genitive improbitātis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+ It is also spelled ''inprobitās''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|improbus|-tās|t1=wicked, shameless]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879) ⟨Improbus⟩ is [[m|la|in-|t=not]] and [[m|la|probus|t=good, honest]], which de Vaan traces to [[itc-pro|*profo-|t=favourable]] and [[ine-pro|*pro-bʰ(h₂)u-o-]], comparing [[sa|प्रभु|tr=prabhú-|t=excelling]] and the adverbs [[osc|amprufid|t=improperly]] and [[xum|prufe|t=properly]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler gives Cicero as its first author.^(Köbler 2010) In the ''Pro Cluentio'' Cicero says truth, held down by the dishonesty of many, often comes to light.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is want of principle or dishonesty, and outrageous or immoderate behaviour, shamelessness, audacity, as Cicero's sanctuary that neither impudence nor even carelessness may enter.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “importunity, depravity, wickedness”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of dishonesty and shamelessness.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # Want of principle, [[m|en|dishonesty]], wickedness, [[m|en|improbity]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Shamelessness, [[m|en|audacity]], presumption, ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' [[m|en|importunity]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[improbus]]

+ * [[probus]]

+ * [[probitās]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}