languidus Latin · revision 31063

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=170–c. 90 BC, Accius|origins=itc-pro *slangu-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈɫaŋ.ɡʷɪ.dʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈlaŋ.ɡʷi.dus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''languidus''' (feminine languida, neuter languidum, comparative languidior); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|langueō|-idus|t1=to be faint, weak]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) De Vaan takes the verb from an adjective [[itc-pro|*slangu-|t=faint, weak]], a nasalised form of the root of [[m|la|laxus|t=loose]], perhaps [[ine-pro|*sl-n-ǵ-u-]]; he compares [[grc|λαγαρός|tr=lagarós|t=slack, thin]] and [[grc|λαγαίω|tr=lagaíō|t=to release]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and Köbler give Accius as its first author:^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) in one of his Roman plays sleep soothes weary limbs (''artūs languidōs'').^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is faint, exhausted or weary, as Cicero's men “faint with wine”, unwell, and of plants wilting; in poetry night and sleep are drowsy (Virgil).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It is drooping, slack (Propertius' wrinkle), slow or sluggish in motion, and weak in force, as Lucretius' fainter heat.^(OLD 2012) Of people it is idle and inert, as old age in Cicero is not, and lacking zeal, spineless, and of efforts feeble.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “infirm, sick, feeble, listless”, and as a noun an invalid.^(Stelten 1995) In medieval Latin it meant ill, and so excused from appearing in court.^(Niermeyer 1976) English [[m|en|languid]] (1590s) comes from it, partly through French.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 170–c. 90 BC – Accius of weary limbs.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius of weak heat.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of men faint with wine and of slack philosophers.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of drowsy night.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1590s – English [[m|en|languid]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Faint, exhausted, weary; unwell, ''(poetic)'' drowsy.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Drooping, slack.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Slow, [[m|en|sluggish]]; weak, faint.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Idle, [[m|en|inert]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|listless|alt=Listless]], apathetic, ''(of efforts)'' feeble.^(OLD 2012)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' Sick, ''(as a noun)'' an invalid.^(Stelten 1995)^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[languidulus]]

+ * [[languidē]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[languefaciō]]

+ * [[languēns]]

+ * [[langueō]]

+ * [[languēscō]]

+ * [[languificus]]

+ * [[languor]]

+ * [[laxus]]

+ * [[en|languid]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}