trans Latin · revision 31050

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *terh₂-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈtrãːs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈtrans]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''trāns''' (+ accusative)^(Wiktionary)

+ As a prefix it is often ''trā-'' before voiced consonants, as in [[trādō]] and [[trāiciō]].^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*trānts]], [[inh|ine-pro|*tr̥h₂-n̥ts|t=crossing]], the present participle of [[m|ine-pro|*terh₂-|t=to cross, go through]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan notes that Umbrian [[m|xum|trahaf|t=on the other side of]] points to a Proto-Italic ending ⟨*-ns⟩; the OLD compares [[sa|तिरः|tr=tiráḥ|t=across]] and [[cy|tra|t=over]], and mentions the view that it was the participle of a verb seen in [[m|la|intrō|t=to enter]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) It is cognate with [[en|through]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler gives Plautus as its first author.^(Köbler 2010) In the ''Mercator'' a father plans to have a girl carried across the sea to be sold (''trāns mare … vēnum asportet'').^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ With verbs of motion it is “across, over, to the other side of”, and without motion “on the other side of, beyond”, as in laws for those “who will be across the sea”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Statius uses it of a temporal or moral limit, as a tyrant who gave laws beyond the term of his reign, and Vitruvius has it as an adverb.^(OLD 2012) As a prefix it gives verbs and nouns of crossing and transfer.^(OLD 2012)^(Etymonline)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “across, over”.^(Stelten 1995) Through words borrowed from Latin, English gained the prefix [[m|en|trans-]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of carrying across the sea.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 84–c. 25 BC – Vitruvius as an adverb.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 45–96 AD – Statius of a limit in time.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # ''(with accusative)'' [[m|en|across|alt=Across]], over, through, to the other side of.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(with accusative)'' On the other side of, [[m|en|beyond]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(figurative)'' Beyond (a limit of time or law).^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # On the other side.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[trānstrum]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[intrō]]

+ * [[ultrā]]

+ * [[cis]]

+ * [[en|trans-]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein explains ''trāns'' and ''uls'', opposed to [[cis]], as plain designations of place, “on the other side”.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}