virilis Latin · revision 31044

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *wiHrós}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [wɪˈriː.lɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [viˈriː.lis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''virīlis''' (neuter virīle, comparative virīlior, superlative virīlissimus, adverb virīliter); third-declension two-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[m|la|vir|t=man]] with the suffix [[m|la|-īlis]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan traces ⟨vir⟩ to [[itc-pro|*wiro-]] and [[ine-pro|*wiHrós|t=man, young man, warrior]], cognate with [[sga|fer|t=man]], [[sa|वीर|tr=vīrá-|t=man, hero]], [[lt|výras|t=man, husband]] and [[got|𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂|tr=wair|t=man]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan gives Plautus as its first author.^(de Vaan 2008) In the ''Menaechmi'' it is right to hand out women's clothes to a woman and men's (''virīle'') to a man.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is what belongs to men as opposed to women, ''pars virīlis'' the male organs (Lucretius), and what belongs to a husband (Statius).^(OLD 2012) It is male in sex, as Plautus' “I never had any male child”, and in grammar masculine (Varro).^(OLD 2012) It is what belongs to a grown man, not a boy, above all the ''toga virīlis'' assumed on coming of age, and what is worthy of a true man, manly, as Terence's “prepare yourself with a manly spirit”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) ''Pars virīlis'' is also each person's due share, as the soldiers' share of glory in Livy, and ''prō virīlī parte'' means “to the best of one's ability”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “manly, male, virile”.^(Stelten 1995) In medieval law it was used of a man's oath of clearance, in proportion to his wergeld.^(Niermeyer 1976) English [[m|en|virile]] (late 15th century) comes from it, partly through Old French.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of men's clothes and male children.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence of manly spirit.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius of the male organs.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of each man's share.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 15th century – English [[m|en|virile]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of a man or men, male, ''pars virīlis'', the male organs; of a husband.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Male (in sex); ''(grammar)'' [[m|en|masculine]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of a grown man, ''toga virīlis'', the toga of manhood.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|manly|alt=Manly]], [[m|en|virile]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''pars virīlis'', one's due share, ''prō virīlī parte'', to the best of one's ability.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[vir]]

+ * [[virtūs]]

+ * [[muliebris]]

+ * [[en|virile]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}