paenitentia Latin · revision 31025

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=1st century BC, Publilius Syrus|origins=la paene}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [pae̯.nɪˈtɛn.ti.a]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [pe.niˈtɛn.t͡si.a]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''paenitentia''' ''f'' (genitive paenitentiae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+ It is also spelled ''poenitentia''; medieval Latin has ''penitentia''.^(OLD 2012)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[m|la|paeniteō|t=to cause regret, repent]] with the suffix [[m|la|-ia]], through its present participle [[m|la|paenitēns|t=repenting]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) De Vaan sets the verb under [[m|la|paene|t=almost]], whose stem seems to have meant “lacking”, so that the verb first meant “to be unsatisfactory”; the further origin of ⟨paene⟩ is unclear.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler gives Publilius Syrus as its first author.^(Köbler 2010) Lewis and Short note that it is not found in Cicero.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is regret for one's action, as in Livy, where quick regret follows a decision,^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) and in a weaker sense a change of mind: Pliny the Elder's bird regrets its journey in mid-flight, Tacitus' Caligula is quick to change his mind, and in law an heir may change his mind before accepting an inheritance (Gaius).^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In the Vulgate it renders [[grc|μετάνοια|tr=metánoia|t=repentance]].^(Wiktionary) Church Latin used it for repentance of sins, for penance and penitential acts, and for the sacrament of reconciliation,^(Stelten 1995)^(Niermeyer 1976) and medieval Latin also for a payment made instead of penance.^(Niermeyer 1976) English [[m|en|penitence]] (c. 1200) and, through Old French, [[m|en|penance]] (c. 1300) come from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1st century BC – Publilius Syrus.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of regret.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder of a change of mind.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 140–180 AD – Gaius of an heir changing his mind.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 390–406 AD – The Vulgate of repentance.^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1200 – English [[m|en|penitence]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|regret|alt=Regret]], [[m|en|repentance]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A change of mind.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' Repentance of sins; [[m|en|penance]], a penitential act; the sacrament of reconciliation.^(Stelten 1995)^(Niermeyer 1976)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A payment in place of penance.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[paenitentiālis]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[paenitendus]]

+ * [[paeniteō]]

+ * [[paenitūdō]]

+ * [[paene]]

+ * [[en|penitence]]

+ * [[en|penance]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}