venalis Latin · revision 31022

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *wes-no-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [weːˈnaː.lɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [veˈnaː.lis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''vēnālis''' (neuter vēnāle); third-declension two-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[m|la|vēnum|t=sale]] with the suffix [[m|la|-ālis]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan traces ⟨vēnum⟩ to [[itc-pro|*wesno-]] and [[ine-pro|*wes-no-|t=price]], cognate with [[grc|ὦνος|tr=ônos|t=price]] and [[sa|वस्न|tr=vasná-|t=price]]; the same noun is in [[m|la|vēneō|t=to be sold]], from ⟨vēnum īre⟩, and [[m|la|vendō|t=to sell]], from ⟨vēnum dare⟩.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and Köbler give Plautus as its first author.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) In the ''Curculio'' no one stops a man from buying what is openly for sale, if he has the money.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is for sale, as a house in Plautus and gardens in Cicero, and of persons put up for sale as slaves, so that ''vēnālēs'' are slaves in the market.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Contemptuously it is available for a fee, as a public crier's hired voice (Cicero), and then of favours that can be had by bribery, as Verres' justice in Sicily, and of persons open to bribes, venal.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “for sale, to be sold”.^(Stelten 1995) English [[m|en|venal]] (mid-15th century) meant both purchasable and corruptible.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of things and slaves for sale.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of hired voices and corrupt justice.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * mid-15th century – English [[m|en|venal]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # For sale, to be sold, ''(noun, plural)'' slaves for sale.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Available for a fee, hired.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Obtainable by [[m|en|bribery]], ''(of persons)'' [[m|en|venal]], corrupt.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[vēnāliciārius]]

+ * [[vēnālīcius]]

+ * [[vēnus]]

+ * [[vēneō]]

+ * [[vendō]]

+ * [[en|venal]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}