carina Latin · revision 31018

+ {{infobox|confidence=disputed|formation=inherited|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [kaˈriː.na]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [kaˈriː.na]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''carīna''' ''f'' (genitive carīnae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The origin is disputed.^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan sets up a root [[itc-pro|*kar-]] or [[m|itc-pro|*ker-]] and compares [[cy|ceri|t=stone of a fruit]] and [[grc|κάρυον|tr=káruon|t=nut]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012) Since the ship's keel is the earlier and usual meaning, and “walnut shell” appears only from Pliny on, Walde–Hofmann took it as a sailors' borrowing from [[grc|καρύϊνος|tr=karúïnos|t=of nuts]], “like a nutshell”, Ernout–Meillet thought the order of attestation accidental, “nutshell” original and the word inherited.^(de Vaan 2008) The TLL also mentions Keller's view that it was taken from Greek.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and Köbler give Plautus as its first author,^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) who has it of a keel in the ''Miles Gloriosus''.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Ennius has a greased hull gliding over the grey sea.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is the bottom of a ship, the keel or hull, and in poetry, from Virgil on, the ship itself, Ovid's tired ''carīna'' is a finished poem, imagined as a voyage.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) From Pliny the Elder on it is also half of a walnut shell.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008) The plural ''Carīnae'' was a district of Rome at the foot of the Esquiline.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “ship, keel”.^(Stelten 1995) Through Genoese ⟨carena⟩ and French ⟨carène⟩ it is behind English [[m|en|careen]] (1590s), to turn a ship on its side.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of a keel.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius of a ship's hull.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of a ship.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder of half a walnut shell.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1590s – English [[m|en|careen]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The [[m|en|keel]] or [[m|en|hull]] of a ship.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Half of a [[m|en|walnut]] shell.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(poetic)'' A ship, boat.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(plural)'' ''Carīnae'', a district of Rome.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Carīnae]]

+ * [[en|careen]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}