iumentum Latin · revision 31016

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *yewg-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [juːˈmɛn.tũː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [juˈmɛn.tum]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''iūmentum''' ''n'' (genitive iūmentī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+ An archaic plural ''iouxmenta'' is read on the Forum cippus.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is probably formed from the root of [[m|la|iungō|t=to yoke, join]] with ⟨-s-⟩ and [[m|la|-mentum]], as [[m|la|exāmen]] beside [[m|la|agmen]].^(OLD 2012) De Vaan reconstructs [[itc-pro|*jougsmnto-]], built on an s-stem [[ine-pro|*yéwg-os-|t=yoked animals, team]] from the root [[m|ine-pro|*yewg-|t=to yoke]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Gellius reports that the old Romans named it from ⟨iungere⟩.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan gives Plautus as its first author,^(de Vaan 2008) who has ''iūmenta dūcunt'', “they lead the beasts”, in the ''Epidicus''.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Köbler lists the Twelve Tables.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is an animal for pulling or carrying, a beast of burden, usually a horse, mule or ass as opposed to cattle.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Gellius says that the old word, as in the Twelve Tables, also meant a vehicle drawn by a team.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Church Latin uses the plural for cattle.^(Stelten 1995) In the Frankish laws and medieval Latin the word, also as a feminine ''iūmenta'', meant a [[m|en|mare]].^(Niermeyer 1976)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of beasts led away.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of the team that drew a carriage.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 165 AD – Gellius on the old sense “vehicle”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|beast of burden]], [[m|en|draught animal]] (horse, mule, ass).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(plural)'' Beasts of burden as a group, ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' cattle.^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(archaic)'' A vehicle drawn by a team.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A mare.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[iūmentārius]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[iungō]]

+ * [[iugum]]

+ * [[armentum]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein counts ''iūmenta'' and [[armentum|alt=armenta]] among the larger domestic beasts, as against the general word [[pecus]].^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}