fortitudo Latin · revision 31008

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=190–159 BC, Terence|origins=la fortis}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [fɔr.tɪˈtuː.doː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [for.tiˈtuː.do]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''fortitūdō''' ''f'' (genitive fortitūdinis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|fortis|-tūdō|t1=strong, brave]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL)^(Etymonline) De Vaan finds the origin of ⟨fortis⟩, older ⟨forctus⟩, undecided: it may be [[itc-pro|*forkti/o-]] from [[ine-pro|*bʰorǵʰ-to-|t=stuffed]], like [[m|la|farciō|t=to stuff]], or from a root “firm” seen in Indo-Iranian.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler gives Terence as its first author.^(Köbler 2010) In the ''Phormio'' a slave fears that such boldness will end in the stocks.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is bodily strength, which Phaedrus' she-goats may boast of so long as they do not match the he-goats', and which Lewis and Short find very rare;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Jerome uses it of the firmness of woven linen.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Above all it is courage and fortitude, and in the plural deeds of courage.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “strength, power, might, fortitude”.^(Stelten 1995) In Medieval Latin it is physical force, compulsion, an army (after Daniel), and of things firmness.^(Niermeyer 1976) English ''fortitude'' (late 14th century), first moral strength as a cardinal virtue, comes from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence of boldness.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 15 BC–c. 50 AD – Phaedrus of physical strength.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 383–419/420 AD – Jerome of the strength of cloth.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 14th century – English [[m|en|fortitude]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # Physical [[m|en|strength]], vigour; firmness.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # [[m|en|courage|alt=Courage]], bravery, [[m|en|fortitude]];^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995) ''(plural)'' brave deeds.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Force, compulsion; an army.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[forticulus]]

+ * [[fortis]]

+ * [[fortiter]]

+ * [[virtūs]]

+ * [[en|fortitude]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}