penes Latin · revision 30991

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *pen-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈpɛ.nɛs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈpɛː.nes]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''penes''' (+ accusative)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is probably [[inh|itc-pro|*penets]], from [[ine-pro|*pen-et-s|t=food]], from the root [[ine-pro|*pen-|t=to feed]].^(Wiktionary)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) De Vaan explains it with [[m|la|penitus|t=from within]] and [[m|la|penetrō|t=to penetrate]] as forms of a stem meaning “food”, then “stock”, then “the inside of the house”: the usual view that it is an old locative without ending of the noun [[m|la|penus|t=store of food]] runs into the unexpected ending ⟨-es⟩.^(de Vaan 2008)^(TLL) The root is that of [[lt|penė́ti|t=to feed]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan gives Plautus as its first author.^(de Vaan 2008) In the ''Trinummus'' someone says ''thēnsaurum tuom mē esse penes'', “that your treasure is in my keeping”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It takes the accusative, usually of persons, and often follows its noun.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It means in the keeping or possession of someone, at someone's house, and then under the control of: Plautus has Jupiter, in whose power are the hopes of all men.^(OLD 2012) Horace's ''penes sē esse'' is to be in one's right mind.^(OLD 2012) It marks the person to whom blame or credit belongs (Terence: the fault lies with you) and, in Tacitus, “among, on the part of”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “with, in the possession or power of, in the presence of”.^(Stelten 1995) Medieval Latin also uses it for “in the eyes of”, “before, in the presence of”, “in” and “as regards”, and British writers for keeping something to oneself.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of possession and of power.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence of blame belonging to someone.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace of being in one's right mind.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus in the sense “among”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # In the [[m|en|possession]] or keeping of; at the house of.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Under the [[m|en|control]] of, in the power of.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Resting with (of blame, praise or responsibility).^(OLD 2012)

+ # Among, on the part of.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' In the eyes of; before, in the presence of; as regards.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[penitus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[penus]]

+ * [[penetrō]]

+ * [[Penātēs]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}