infensus Latin · revision 30988

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *gʷʰen-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ĩːˈfẽː.sʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [iɱˈfɛn.sus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''īnfēnsus''' (feminine īnfēnsa, neuter īnfēnsum); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed like the past participle of a verb ⟨*īnfendō⟩, “to strike into, attack”, from [[m|la|in-]] and the ⟨-fendō⟩ “strike” of [[m|la|dēfendō|t=to ward off]] and [[m|la|offendō|t=to strike against]]; the OLD takes its first sense to be “rushing against”.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces ⟨-fendō⟩ to [[itc-pro|*χʷend-]] and [[ine-pro|*gʷʰen-|t=to hit, strike, kill]], the root of [[sa|हन्ति|tr=hánti|t=kills]], [[grc|θείνω|tr=theínō|t=to strike]], [[hit|kuenzi|t=kills]] and [[sga|gonaid|t=wounds, kills]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(TLL) Wiktionary notes that it is not related to [[m|la|īnfestus|t=hostile]], despite the likeness.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and Köbler give Plautus as its first author.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) In Terence's ''Andria'' a slave fears his bitterly hostile master: ''mē īnfēnsus servat''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Of troops it is ready for the attack, as Sallust's Numidians pressing on, and of weapons threatening, as the ash spear in Accius.^(OLD 2012) It is relentless in enmity, of persons, and of things harmful to someone's interests (Tacitus).^(OLD 2012) Livy's king is savagely angry and frightened at once.^(OLD 2012) Lewis and Short call it classical and compare ''īnfestus''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “hostile, dangerous”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence of a bitterly hostile master.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 170–c. 90 BC – Accius of a threatening spear.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 86–34 BC – Sallust of troops attacking.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of a furious king.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|aggressive|alt=Aggressive]], ready to attack; threatening.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Bitterly [[m|en|hostile]], inimical;^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995) ''(of things)'' harmful, adverse.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # [[m|en|furious|alt=Furious]], enraged.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[īnfēnsō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[dēfendō]]

+ * [[offendō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}