ultio Latin · revision 30935

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=59 BC–17 AD, Livy|origins=la ulcīscor}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈʊɫ.ti.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈul.t͡si.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ultiō''' ''f'' (genitive ultiōnis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|ulcīscor|-tiō|t1=to avenge]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces the verb to [[itc-pro|*ol-k-|t=to destroy, take revenge]] and finds the best link in [[grc|ὀλέκω|tr=olékō|t=to destroy]], from the root [[ine-pro|*h₃elh₁-|t=to perish]]; he rejects the old derivation from [[m|la|ulcus|t=sore]] and a link with [[grc|ἀλκή|tr=alkḗ|t=strength]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Lewis and Short find it no earlier than Augustus' time, and Köbler gives Livy as its first author, who writes of people seeking vengeance although help came too late.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is the taking of vengeance, revenge or retribution, with a genitive of the avenger, the wrong or the person avenged: in Livy Lucretia asks her husband to avenge her violated chastity.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) The elder Seneca has the vengeance of the immortal gods.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “revenge, vengeance, punishment”.^(Stelten 1995) In Medieval Latin it is punishment, and divine chastisement.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of vengeance.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|vengeance|alt=Vengeance]], [[m|en|revenge]], retribution.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' [[m|en|punishment|alt=Punishment]]; divine [[m|en|chastisement]].^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ulcīscor]]

+ * [[ultor]]

+ * [[vindicta]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein distinguishes [[vindicta]], avenging as an act of justice, from ''ultiō'', revenge as an act of anger, and [[tāliō]], retaliation in kind.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}