turma Latin · revision 30917

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|attested=234–149 BC, Cato}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈtʊr.ma]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈtur.ma]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''turma''' ''f'' (genitive turmae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The origin is uncertain.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008) The OLD compares [[ang|þrymm|t=multitude, host]] and thinks it may ultimately be related to [[m|la|turba|t=crowd, uproar]]; de Vaan lists it among the derivatives of ⟨turba⟩, itself without a sure etymology.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008) Köbler and Pokorny put it with [[ine-pro|*twer-|t=to turn, whirl]].^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan's first author is Cato.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is a small troop or squadron of cavalry, the tenth part of an ''āla'', at first of thirty and later of thirty-two horsemen.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It is also a unit in special corps, one of the divisions into which Augustus organized the knights (Pliny the Elder), and a troop of riders in a mock fight, as Virgil's three squadrons in the Trojan game.^(OLD 2012) Festus applies it to infantry, and Horace perhaps uses it of any company, the gods and the throngs of mortals.^(OLD 2012) In general it is a crowd or band.^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ In Medieval Latin the plural is the groups of monks who took turns in the unceasing praise of God.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of cavalry squadrons.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of riders in the Trojan game.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder of the divisions of the knights.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A troop or [[m|en|squadron]] of [[m|en|cavalry]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # A unit of a special corps; a division of the knights; a troop of riders in a mock fight.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A company, crowd, band.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin, plural)'' Groups taking turns in divine service.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[conturmo]]

+ * [[turmālis]]

+ * [[turmātim]]

+ * [[turmāriī]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[turba]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}