indulgeo Latin · revision 30846

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|attested=190–159 BC, Terence}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɪnˈdʊɫ.ɡe.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [inˈdul̠ʲ.d͡ʒe.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''indulgeō''' (present infinitive indulgēre, perfect active indulsī, supine indultum); second conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The origin is uncertain.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) De Vaan takes it as probably a compound verb, [[itc-pro|*-dolχ-ē-]], whose first part may be ⟨*en-⟩ “in”, the negative ⟨*n̥-⟩ or ⟨*endo⟩.^(de Vaan 2008) He considers a connection with the root [[ine-pro|*delǵʰ-|t=to be hard, get fixed]], and best a stative ⟨*n̥-dl̥ǵʰ-eh₁-⟩ “not to be hard towards”, from a negated adjective “not hard”.^(de Vaan 2008) Havet compared [[grc|ἐνδελεχής|tr=endelekhḗs|t=continuous]], and others [[m|la|langueō|t=to be faint]];^(TLL)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Lewis & Short compare [[m|la|dulcis|t=sweet]].^(TLL)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Terence.^(de Vaan 2008) In the ''Heauton timorumenos'' a man is told: ''nimium illī … indulgēs'', “you are too indulgent to him”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ With a dative it is to be indulgent or lenient to someone, to let him have his way, and to make allowance for something, as Cicero tells Tiro to take care of his health.^(OLD 2012) Of patrons and gods it is to look kindly on someone (Virgil: one to whose years and birth the fates are kind).^(OLD 2012) It also means giving free play to feelings and desires, and with ''sibi'' indulging oneself; in Virgil's ''Georgics'' it is to give vines room in their rows.^(OLD 2012) With a dative of a pursuit it is to take pleasure in or devote oneself to it, as Cicero's men who scorn old friendships and give themselves to new ones.^(OLD 2012) Transitively it is to grant something as a favour, as in Livy.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “grant, forgive, be indulgent, bestow, be forbearing”.^(Stelten 1995) English ''indulge'' (1630s) is a back-formation from ''indulgence'', from [[indulgentia]], or directly from the Latin verb.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence of an indulgent father.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of indulging feelings and new friendships.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of favouring fates.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy, transitive, “to grant”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1630s – English [[m|en|indulge]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To be [[m|en|indulgent]] or lenient (to); to make allowance (for).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To show favour, be kind (to).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To give free rein (to feelings or desires); ''(with [[sibi]])'' to indulge oneself.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To take pleasure (in), [[m|en|devote]] oneself (to).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To [[m|en|grant]], concede, bestow;^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995) ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' to forgive.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[indulgentia]]

+ * [[indulgitās]]

+ * [[indultor]]

+ * [[indultum]]

+ * [[indultus]]

+ * [[perindulgens]]

+ * [[indulgēns]]

+ * [[indulgenter]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|indulge]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}