invictus Latin · revision 30838

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=204–169 BC, Ennius|origins=la in-, ine-pro *wi-n-k-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɪnˈwɪk.tʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [iɱˈvik.tus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''invictus''' (feminine invicta, neuter invictum, superlative invictissimus); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|in-|victus|t1=not|t2=conquered]], the second part being the participle of [[m|la|vincō|t=to conquer]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces ⟨vincō⟩ to [[itc-pro|*wink-|t=to tie, bind, overcome]] and [[ine-pro|*wi-n-k-|t=to bend, tie]], cognate with [[sga|fichid|t=fights]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Ennius addresses Scipio as ''Scīpiō invicte'', “unconquerable Scipio”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means unconquered, undefeated in war, as Cicero's Roman people whose name stayed unbeaten at sea, and in games and contests.^(OLD 2012) It also means invincible, and as a title of gods, and later of the emperor, “the Invincible”: Accius already invokes a god as ''invicte''.^(OLD 2012) It is used of those not overcome by hardship and of indestructible matter (Lucretius' atoms flying unconquered through time), and of a resolute mind, which Cicero says must look down on human affairs.^(OLD 2012) Lewis & Short note its many constructions: with ''ab'', ''ad'', ''contrā'', ''adversum'' and the ablative or genitive.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “unconquerable, invincible, unsubdued”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius: ''Scīpiō invicte''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 170–c. 90 BC – Accius of a god and of weapons.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius of indestructible atoms.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of the unbeaten Roman navy.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Unconquered, [[m|en|undefeated]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # [[m|en|invincible]];^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) ''(title of gods and emperors)'' the Invincible.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Not overcome by hardship;^(OLD 2012) ''(of materials)'' [[m|en|indestructible]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # Unshaken, [[m|en|resolute]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[invictē]]

+ * [[invictrīx]]

+ * [[victus]]

+ * [[vincō]]

+ * [[invincibilis]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}