compello Latin · revision 30828

+ {{homograph|1|drive together}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la con-, ine-pro *pelh₂-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [kɔmˈpɛl.loː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [komˈpɛl.lo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''compellō''' (present infinitive compellere, perfect active compulī, supine compulsum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ It is also spelled ''conpellō''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The verb “drive together” is formed [[af|la|con-|pellō|t1=together|t2=to push, drive]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) De Vaan traces [[m|la|pellō]] to [[itc-pro|*pelna-]] and [[ine-pro|*pl-n(e)-h₂-|t=to approach]], with a shift of meaning from “bring near” to “push, drive”.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus, ''Bacchides'': ''callidum senem callidīs dolīs compulī'', “with cunning tricks I drove the cunning old man” to believe everything.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its literal sense is driving cattle together, rounding them up, as Caesar's herds driven in by the Mandubii, and gathering people into one place, as Cicero's first civiliser who brought scattered men together.^(OLD 2012) It is to drive into a confined space (Livy: they were driven back to the ships), and Ennius uses it of the sea driving a ship.^(OLD 2012) Figuratively it is to restrict someone to a narrow field, to reduce by force to a state, and above all to drive someone to a view or an action, to compel or constrain: Ovid's king was forced to endure wicked orders.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “restrain, compel, oblige, subdue, overcome”.^(Stelten 1995) English ''compel'' came from it in the mid-14th century, through Old French and directly from Latin.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of driving someone to an action.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius of the sea driving a ship.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar of herds rounded up.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * mid-14th century – English [[m|en|compel]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To drive together, round up (cattle); to gather (people).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To drive (into a confined space); ''(of winds, waves)'' to drive, push.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To reduce by force (to a state).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|compel]], force, [[m|en|constrain]] (to a course of action).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[compulsiō]]

+ * [[compulsor]]

+

+ {{homograph|2|address}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la con-, ine-pro *pelh₂-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [kɔmˈpɛl.loː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [komˈpɛl.lo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''compellō''' (present infinitive compellāre, perfect active compellāvī, supine compellātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ It is also spelled ''conpellō''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The verb “address” is a first-conjugation formation [[af|la|con-|pellō|t1=together|t2=to push, drive]], like [[m|la|appellō|t=to address]] beside [[m|la|appellō|alt=appellere|t=to drive to]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus, ''Aulularia'': ''compellārem ego illum'', “I would speak to him”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is to address or speak to someone, to call on or appeal to (Livy: Decius calling his father by name), and to accost someone with an indecent proposal (Valerius Maximus).^(OLD 2012) With a predicate it is to address someone as something, and to call someone names (Horace).^(OLD 2012) Lucilius already uses it of rebuking, as Laelius loudly reproached gluttons, and Cicero of accusing people.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “accost”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus in the sense “speak to”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 180–102 BC – Lucilius in the sense “rebuke”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero in the sense “accuse”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|address]], speak to; to [[m|en|accost]]; to appeal to.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To call (by a name); to call names.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|rebuke]], scold; to [[m|en|accuse]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[compellātiō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[appellō]]

+ * [[interpellō]]

+ * [[pellō]]

+ * [[en|compel]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}