perturbo Latin · revision 30818

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=compound|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la per-, la turba}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [pɛrˈtʊr.boː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [perˈtur.bo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''perturbō''' (present infinitive perturbāre, perfect active perturbāvī, supine perturbātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|per-|turbō|t1=thoroughly|t2=to disturb]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) ⟨turbō⟩ is from [[m|la|turba|t=uproar, crowd]], whose origin de Vaan considers uncertain: the comparison with [[sa|त्वरते|tr=tvarate|t=hurries]] is formally doubtful.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus, ''Amphitruo'': I'll punish the sorcerer who wickedly deranged my household's mind (''perturbāvit familiae mentem'').^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is to throw things into confusion, as the eagle that disturbs the sea in Cicero's ''Aratea'', and battle lines, as Sisenna's Gauls break up a column with their lances.^(OLD 2012) It also means to upset the body or derange the mind.^(OLD 2012) Figuratively it is to upset plans or a state of affairs (Plautus: he upsets my plans), and to stir up people, as Sittius was sent to stir up Further Spain (Cicero).^(OLD 2012) Of the mind it is to agitate or perturb: Cicero's nervous orators are thrown into confusion at the start of a speech, and he uses it of emotions being stirred up.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “disturb, perturb”.^(Stelten 1995) English ''perturb'' came in the late 14th century, from Old French and directly from Latin.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of deranging minds and upsetting plans.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 120–67 BC – Sisenna of a column thrown into disorder.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of nervous orators.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 14th century – English [[m|en|perturb]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To throw into confusion, [[m|en|disorder]];^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995) ''(military)'' to break up.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To upset (the body); to derange (the mind).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|disrupt]], confound (plans, affairs); to stir up (people).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To agitate, [[m|en|perturb]], alarm.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[imperturbātus]]

+ * [[perturbātiō]]

+ * [[perturbator]]

+ * [[perturbātrix]]

+ * [[perturbidus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[turbō]]

+ * [[turba]]

+ * [[en|perturb]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}