penitus Latin · revision 30806

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *pen-os}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈpɛ.nɪ.tʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈpɛː.ni.tus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''penitus''' (not comparable)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from the stem of [[m|la|penus|t=provisions]] (as in [[m|la|penes]] and [[m|la|penetrō]]) with the adverbial suffix [[m|la|-tus]], like [[m|la|funditus]], and first meant “from the inside”.^(TLL)^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan explains the sense through “food” > “store” > “the inner part of the house”, and suggests that the adverb, the verb and the preposition go back to a stem ⟨*pen-et-⟩.^(de Vaan 2008) He reconstructs [[m|la|penus]] as [[ine-pro|*pen-os|t=food]], cognate with [[lt|penėti|t=to feed]].^(de Vaan 2008) The adjective meaning “inner” was made from the adverb.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus uses it for “from within”: ''ipse ēgreditur penitus'', “he is coming out from inside”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From “from within, from deep inside” it came to mean “far within, deep down” and “far into a country” (''penitus in Lūsitāniā'', Cicero).^(OLD 2012) Of the feelings it is “from the bottom of one's heart”, “deeply, wholeheartedly” (Cicero: ''acerbē et penitus ōderat''), of knowing and seeing “thoroughly, profoundly”, and then “completely, utterly”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ The adjective ''penitus'', comparative ''penitior'', “inner, inmost”, is pre- and post-classical (Plautus, Apuleius).^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012) Medieval Latin uses the adverb for “wholly, completely”.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: ''ipse ēgreditur penitus''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of love planted deep in the heart.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 125–175 AD – Apuleius has the adjective ''penitus''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # From within; from deep inside.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Deep within, deep down, deeply, far.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Far away, far into the interior (of a country).^(OLD 2012)

+ # From the bottom of one's heart; heartily.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Thoroughly, intimately, [[m|en|profoundly]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Completely, utterly.^(OLD 2012)^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Inner, inward, inmost.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[penetrō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[penus]]

+ * [[penes]]

+ * [[Penātēs]]

+ * [[penetrālis]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ A rare adjective ''pēnītus'', “having a tail”, from [[pēnis]] “tail”, is quoted by Festus from Naevius (''pēnīta offa'', a piece of meat with the tail).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}