supra Latin · revision 30795

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=280/260–before 200 BC, Livius Andronicus|origins=ine-pro *uper-o-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈsʊ.praː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈsuː.pra]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''suprā''' (comparative superius, superlative summē or suprēmē)^(Wiktionary)

+ An inscription has the Old Latin ''suprad''.^(OLD 2012)

+ Cicero's ''Aratea'' and Lucretius have the older form ''superā''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is the ablative feminine singular of [[m|la|superus|t=upper]], Old Latin ⟨suprād⟩, from [[itc-pro|*superād]].^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces [[m|la|superus]] to [[itc-pro|*supero-]] and [[ine-pro|*uper-o-|t=situated above]], with the initial /s/ added in Latin as in [[m|la|sub]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ Cognate with [[xum|subra|t=above]], from the same ⟨*superād⟩, and, through [[m|la|super]], with [[sa|उपरि|tr=upári|t=above]] and [[grc|ὑπέρ|tr=hupér|t=over]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Livius Andronicus.^(de Vaan 2008) Cato uses the adverb in his work on farming: let the oil lees stand above the bundles.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ As an adverb ''suprā'' is “on top, above”, “higher up”, then “above” on a page or in a list (''suprā dictus'', “mentioned above”), “earlier, further back” in time or in an argument (''suprā repetere''), “more, in excess” after numbers, “to a higher degree” (Terence: ''nīl suprā'', “nothing could be better”), and “in a higher rank”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) As a preposition with the accusative it is “on top of, above” (Plautus calls Jupiter ''ille quī suprā nōs habitat''), “before” in time, “more than, beyond” (''suprā modum''), and “in charge of”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ Medieval Latin also uses it for “more than”, ''suprā modum'' for “very”, “ago” after a length of time, and “against” a person.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 280/260–before 200 BC – Livius Andronicus uses it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: ''ille quī suprā nōs habitat''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses the adverb.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius has ''superā''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # On top, above; higher up.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Above (in a text).^(OLD 2012)

+ # Before, earlier, previously; further back.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # More, beyond, over (an amount).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To a higher degree; in a higher rank.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ===Preposition===

+ # ''(with accusative)'' On top of, [[m|en|above]], over.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Before (in time).^(Wiktionary)

+ # More than, beyond.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Niermeyer 1976)

+ # In charge of, in authority over.^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Against (a person); ago.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[insuprā]]

+ * [[suprālātus]]

+ * [[suprānumerārius]]

+ * [[suprascandō]]

+ * [[suprāsedeō]]

+ * [[suprāuīuō]]

+ * [[suprēmus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[super]]

+ * [[superus]]

+ * [[superior]]

+ * [[īnsuper]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}