verber Latin · revision 30755

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *werbʰ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈwɛr.bɛr]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈvɛr.ber]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''verber''' ''n'' (genitive verberis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+ The singular is attested only in the genitive and ablative; the nominative ''verber'' appears in glossaries.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*werβos]], [[inh|ine-pro|*werbʰ-os]], from the root [[m|ine-pro|*werbʰ-]].^(Wiktionary) The OLD compares [[m|la|verbēna|t=sacred boughs]].^(OLD 2012) Wiktionary links it, perhaps, with [[lt|vir̃bas|t=rod, twig, cane]] and [[sla-pro|*vьrba|t=willow]];^(Wiktionary) Adams derives it from a root meaning “to enclose”, the source of [[txb|wārp-|t=to surround]], but Kloekhorst finds that too distant in meaning.^(Wiktionary) Köbler gives a root ⟨*werb-⟩ “to turn, bend” (Pokorny 1153).^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus, ''Menaechmi'': ''verbera, compedēs, molae … haec pretia sunt ignāviae'', “whips, fetters, mills: these are the wages of laziness”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Verbera'' are first the instruments of flogging, lashes, whips or rods, also used to drive horses and spin a top;^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Virgil uses the word for the thong of a sling.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) More often it is the blows themselves, a lashing or flogging (Plautus: ''dignun es verberibus multīs?'', “do you deserve a good many lashes?”), and figuratively the lashes of insults (Cicero).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Poets use it for any stroke, such as the beating of wings in Virgil, or of wind and water.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “lash, blow, stripe, lashing, scourging”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of whips and of flogging.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of the lashes of insults.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of a sling's thong and of beating wings.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(usually plural)'' A [[m|en|lash]], [[m|en|whip]], [[m|en|scourge]], rod.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The thong of a [[m|en|sling]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(usually plural)'' Blows, a lashing, [[m|en|flogging]];^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995) ''(figurative)'' verbal lashes.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(chiefly poetic)'' A blow, stroke.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[verberō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[verbēna]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Lewis & Short give [[scutica]] and [[flagrum]] as synonyms of the instrument.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}