exsul Latin · revision 30754

+ {{infobox|confidence=disputed|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈɛks.sʊɫ]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈɛks.sul]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''exsul''' ''m'' or f (genitive exsulis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+ It is also spelled ''exul'', the spelling of inscriptions and the OLD's headword.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed with [[m|la|ex-|t=out of]], but the second part is disputed.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) De Vaan sets up a Proto-Italic ⟨*ek(-)s(-)Vl-⟩ and weighs three explanations: a derivative of a verb ⟨*ex-sulere⟩ “to take out”, from the root ⟨*selh₁-⟩ “to take” of [[m|la|cōnsul]] and [[m|la|cōnsulō]], so “one taken out”; the element ⟨*-al-⟩ “to walk” of [[m|la|ambulō]], so “one who walks out”, which the OLD prefers; or the root of [[grc|ἐλαύνω|tr=elaúnō|t=to drive]], so “one driven out”.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) Corssen related it to [[m|la|saliō|t=to leap]], and Kornhardt derived it from [[m|la|exsiliō|t=to leap out]].^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL) The ancients connected it with [[m|la|solum|t=ground, soil]], “one outside his native soil”, and the grammarians Caper and Scaurus insisted on spelling it with ⟨s⟩ for that reason; inscriptions, however, always write ⟨exul⟩.^(TLL)^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLL's earliest citation is Plautus, ''Rudens''; de Vaan records the derived verb and noun from Plautus on.^(TLL)^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ An ''exsul'' is a banished person, an exile, and so a wanderer: Cicero says that all the wicked whom the laws would banish are exiles even if they have not changed their soil, and has Hannibal come to Antiochus at Ephesus ''exsul''.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Poets build it with a genitive (Horace: ''patriae quis exsul sē quoque fūgit?'', “what exile from his country has fled himself too?”) and Sallust with an ablative.^(Lewis & Short 1879) It is masculine and feminine, and is also used as an adjective.^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Publilius calls the stork the exile of winter, and Lucan uses it of a bull driven from the herd.^(OLD 2012) A saying of Publilius runs: an exile who has no home anywhere is a dead man without a tomb.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “banished; exile, refugee”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus, ''Rudens''.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of exiles and of Hannibal.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1st century BC – Publilius of the stork, “exile of winter”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A banished person, an [[m|en|exile]]; a [[m|en|wanderer]], [[m|en|refugee]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(of birds and animals)'' One that has left or been driven from its home.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|banish|alt=Banished]], exiled.^(TLL)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[exilium]]

+ * [[exsulō]]

+ * [[cōnsul]]

+ * [[ambulō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}