tumulus Latin · revision 30752

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=220–130 BC, Pacuvius|origins=ine-pro *tum-eh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈtʊ.mʊ.ɫʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈtuː.mu.lus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''tumulus''' ''m'' (genitive tumulī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+ Inscriptions also have a neuter ''tumulum''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|tumeō|-ulus|t1=to swell]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces the verb to [[itc-pro|*tum-ē-]] and [[ine-pro|*tum-eh₁-|t=to be swelling]], cognate with [[cy|tyfu|t=to grow]], [[sa|तुम्र|tr=túmra-|t=strong, thick]], [[lt|tumė́ti|t=to become thick]] and the first part of [[non|þumalfingr|t=thumb]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan records it from Pacuvius on; the OLD's first citation for a burial mound is Pacuvius, and for a hill Accius.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ A ''tumulus'' is a rounded hill or knoll, sometimes part of a range, and above all a mound raised over the dead, a grave.^(OLD 2012) Caesar uses it of the heaps of booty the Gauls piled up in consecrated places, and Vitruvius of a swelling or bump on a surface.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “grave, mound, hillock”;^(Stelten 1995) in medieval Latin it is also a coffin or sarcophagus.^(Niermeyer 1976) English borrowed ''tumulus'' for an ancient burial mound in the early 15th century, and Italian made from it ''tombolo'', a sand-bar joining an island to the mainland, which English took up in 1899.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 220–130 BC – Pacuvius of a burial mound.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 170–c. 90 BC – Accius of a hill.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar of mounds of booty.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * early 15th century – English borrows it as [[m|en|tumulus]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A rounded hill, [[m|en|knoll]], [[m|en|hillock]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # A burial mound, [[m|en|barrow]], grave.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # An artificial mound, a heap.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A swelling, bump (on a surface).^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A [[m|en|coffin]], [[m|en|sarcophagus]].^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[tumulāmen]]

+ * [[tumulō]]

+ * [[tumulōsus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[tumeō]]

+ * [[tumēscō]]

+ * [[tumidus]]

+ * [[tumor]]

+ * [[tumultus]]

+ * [[en|tumulus]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Medieval Latin also had a ''tumulus'' that was a unit of measure in Sicily and Malta, ultimately from [[ar|ثُمُن|tr=ṯumun|t=an eighth]]; compare [[it|tomolo]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}