utique Latin · revision 30748

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=116–27 BC, Varro|origins=ine-pro *kʷu-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ʊˈtiː.kʷɛ]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [uˈtiː.kʷe]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''utique''' (not comparable)^(Wiktionary)

+ An inscription of 111 BC spells it ''uteique''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|utī|-que|t1=how, as|t2=and]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of [[ut]], which he traces to [[itc-pro|*kʷutV(s)|t=how]] and the stem [[ine-pro|*kʷu-|t=where, how]], cognate with [[osc|puz|t=that]] and [[xum|puze|t=as]].^(de Vaan 2008) Lewis & Short explain the sense as first “in whatever way, be it as it may”, which became a particle of emphasis and restriction.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan records it from Varro on; the OLD's first citation is Varro's ''Res rusticae'', “it must be said by all means that Italy was better suited to farming”.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Utīque'' insists that something holds whatever the case: absolutely, at all costs, and with instructions “without fail” (Cicero: ''utīque cum tuīs apud mē sīs'', “be sure to stay with me with your people”), after a negative “on any account” (Livy).^(OLD 2012) It also means “without doubt, certainly”, “inevitably, necessarily” (Seneca), “in any case, at least” (Cicero: if not before, then at least when Brutus comes), and “particularly, especially” (Livy).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) In Livy it marks something as expressly meant, and in Apuleius it sharpens a question, “exactly”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “indeed, doubtless, surely, certainly, yes”.^(Stelten 1995) In medieval Latin it means “of course, no doubt” and also “that is, namely”.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro: ''dīcendum utīque''.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of instructions to be followed without fail.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy in the senses “especially” and “expressly”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca in the sense “necessarily”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Absolutely, at all costs; without fail;^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) ''(after a negative)'' on any account.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Without doubt, [[m|en|certainly]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Inevitably, [[m|en|necessarily]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # In any case, at least.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Particularly, [[m|en|especially]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Expressly; exactly.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Of course; that is, [[m|en|namely]].^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ut]]

+ * [[utinam]]

+ * [[utpote]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Lewis & Short also list ''utī-que'' as two words, “and that”, the conjunction [[ut]] with [[-que]].^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}