hostilis Latin · revision 30706

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *gʰosti-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [hɔsˈtiː.lɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [osˈtiː.lis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hostīlis''' (neuter hostīle, adverb hostīliter); third-declension two-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|hostis|-īlis|t1=enemy]], like [[m|la|cīvīlis]] from [[m|la|cīvis]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces [[m|la|hostis]] to [[itc-pro|*χosti-]] and [[ine-pro|*gʰosti-|t=stranger, guest]], cognate with [[got|𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍃|tr=gasts|t=guest]] and [[cu|гость|tr=gostĭ|t=guest]]; the root of the noun is disputed.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus, who has ''īnsidiīs hostīlibus'', “by an enemy's ambush” (''Pseudolus'').^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) Ennius has a death ordered “by an enemy hand” (''hostīlī manū'').^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means belonging to an enemy (an enemy land, enemy ships) or done by an enemy, and in augury the part of a victim's entrails that concerned the enemy.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It then describes behaviour typical of an enemy, as in Cicero's ''hostīlī odiō et crūdēlitāte'', “with an enemy's hatred and cruelty”, and an attitude of hostility, as Ovid's eyes burning with hostility.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In medieval Latin an ''expedītiō hostīlis'' or ''iter hostīle'' was a military expedition (the host), and ''hostīlia'' were the dues owed for it.^(Niermeyer 1976) English ''hostile'' dates from the late 15th century.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of an enemy ambush.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius of an enemy hand.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of an enemy's hatred.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid of hostile eyes.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 15th century – English [[m|en|hostile]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of or belonging to an [[m|en|enemy]], the enemy's; done by an enemy.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Characteristic of an enemy.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|hostile]] in attitude, unfriendly.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Of a military [[m|en|expedition]].^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[hostīlitās]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[hostis]]

+ * [[hosticus]]

+ * [[en|hostile]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein explains that [[hostis]] is the enemy in war, as opposed to [[inimīcus]], a personal enemy, and [[adversārius]], any opponent.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}