graviter Latin · revision 30687

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *gʷreh₂-u-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈɡra.wɪ.tɛr]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈɡraː.vi.ter]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''graviter''' (comparative gravius, superlative gravissimē)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|gravis|-ter|t1=heavy]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces the adjective to [[itc-pro|*gʷra(w)u-]] and [[ine-pro|*gʷreh₂-u-|t=heavy]], a u-stem remade as an i-stem in Latin, cognate with [[sa|गुरु|tr=gurú-|t=heavy]], [[grc|βαρύς|tr=barús|t=heavy]] and [[got|𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃|tr=kaurjos|t=weighty, oppressive]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan records it from Plautus on; in the ''Captivi'' a captive hopes his new master will not command him unjustly or harshly (''nē iniūstē aut graviter mī imperet'').^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Graviter'' is literally “heavily”, of pressure, of blows and falls (Terence: who knocked so hard at the door?) and of laboured breathing.^(OLD 2012) It is used of dull hearing, deep sleep, strong or foul smells (Virgil's strong-scented savory), and a deep sound (Terence: the door creaked deeply).^(OLD 2012) Of feelings, ''graviter ferre'' is “to take something hard, be vexed by it” (Terence).^(OLD 2012) Of conduct it means sternly or harshly, and gravely, with dignity and weight (Cicero); of harm it means seriously, grievously, as ''graviter saucius'' “badly wounded” (Accius), and harmfully.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Döderlein classes ''graviter ferre'', with ''aegrē'' and ''molestē ferre'', among expressions of silent displeasure, as against the loud displeasure of [[īrāscor|alt=īrāscī]] and [[indignor|alt=indignārī]].^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of harsh commands.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence of knocking hard and of taking things hard.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 170–c. 90 BC – Accius: ''graviter saucium''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of deep sleep and dignified replies.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|heavily]], weightily; with force, violently.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Laboriously; dully; deeply; strongly (of smell); in a deep tone.^(OLD 2012)

+ # With displeasure;^(OLD 2012) ''graviter ferre'', to take hard, be vexed.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|stern|alt=Sternly]], [[m|en|severely]], harshly.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|gravely]], with dignity; effectively.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Seriously, grievously; harmfully.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[gravidus]]

+ * [[gravis]]

+ * [[gravitās]]

+ * [[gravō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}