timidus Latin · revision 30640

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 235–200 BC, Naevius|origins=la timeō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈtɪ.mɪ.dʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈtiː.mi.dus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''timidus''' (feminine timida, neuter timidum, comparative timidior); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+ Naevius spells it ''timedus''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|timeō|-idus|t1=to fear]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of [[m|la|timeō]], whose origin is unknown: he rejects the comparison with words for “stiff” that Walde and Pokorny hesitantly made.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Naevius.^(de Vaan 2008) Ennius has ''timidō mānat ex omnī corpore sūdor'', “sweat flows from every limb of the frightened man”, and Plautus ''timida es'', “you are afraid”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Timidus'' is “easily frightened, fearful, timid”, the opposite of ''[[audāx]]'', and also “cowardly”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) With a genitive it is “afraid of” (Horace: ''timidus procellae''), with an infinitive “afraid to” (Horace: Codrus ''nōn timidus prō patriā morī''), and it describes timid conduct and character.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “timid, fearful”.^(Stelten 1995) English [[m|en|timid]] (1540s) comes from it, partly through French.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 235–200 BC – Naevius has ''timedus''.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius: ''timidō mānat ex omnī corpore sūdor''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace: ''nōn timidus prō patriā morī''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1540s – English [[m|en|timid]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Fearful, [[m|en|timid]], afraid.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # [[m|en|cowardly|alt=Cowardly]], faint-hearted.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with genitive)'' Afraid of, ''(with infinitive)'' afraid to.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[intimidus]]

+ * [[timiditās]]

+ * [[timidē]]

+ * [[timidulē]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[timefactus]]

+ * [[timendus]]

+ * [[timēns]]

+ * [[timeō]]

+ * [[timor]]

+ * [[timōrātus]]

+ * [[en|timid]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}