campus Latin · revision 3061

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=Livius Andronicus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈkam.pʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkam.pus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''campus''' ''m'' (genitive campī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*kampo-|t=field]], of uncertain further origin.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012) It is traditionally linked with words for bending, such as [[lt|kam̃pas|t=corner]] and [[grc|καμπή|tr=kampḗ|t=bend]], but the Latin ⟨ca-⟩ is hard to explain.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) De Vaan notes that Beekes takes the Greek words to come from a substrate, and suggests that this may be a European substrate word from farming.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from Livius Andronicus onwards,^(de Vaan 2008) who writes of crowds that “flood the whole plain”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant a [[m|en|plain]] or level field, as in Caesar's view from the town down to the plain.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) ''Campus'' alone was the Campus Martius at Rome, where assemblies, elections and exercise took place, and so a field for sport, as when Cicero went down to the Campus to play ball.^(OLD 2012) It was also a battlefield, as in Ennius, and figuratively a field of action or scope, as Cicero's “fortune gave us no field in which our courage could show itself”.^(OLD 2012) Poets used it for the expanse of the sea.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Medieval Latin used it for the lists of a judicial duel, a battle and an army camp,^(Niermeyer 1976) and New Latin for the grounds of a university.^(Wiktionary) It survives as Romanian ''câmp'', Italian, Spanish and Portuguese ''campo'' and French ''champ''.^(Wiktionary) English ''camp'' came through Italian in the 1520s, and ''campus'' was used of college grounds from 1774.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it for plains and for the sea.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it for a battlefield.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it for the Campus Martius and for a field of action.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1520s – English ''camp'' is first recorded.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1774 – English ''campus'' is used of college grounds.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|plain]], level field.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # The Campus Martius.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A field for sport, exercise.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A battlefield.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A field of action, scope; an opportunity.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(poetic)'' The expanse of the sea.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A judicial duel; a battle; a camp.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+ # ''(New Latin)'' A [[m|en|campus]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Campensis]]

+ * [[campicellum]]

+ * [[campicursio]]

+ * [[campidoctor]]

+ * [[campagus]]

+ * [[campāna]]

+ * [[campāneus]]

+ * [[campānius]]

+ * [[campester]]

+ * [[campiō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|camp]]

+ * [[en|campus]]

+ * [[en|champion]]

+ * [[en|campaign]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ A different ''campus'', from Greek [[grc|κάμπος|tr=kámpos]], is a sea creature, as in Martial's ''campi marini''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}