iungo Latin · revision 3060

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *yewg-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈjʊŋ.ɡoː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈjuŋ.ɡo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''iungō''' (present infinitive iungere, perfect active iūnxī, supine iūnctum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*jung-e/o-]], [[inh|ine-pro|*(H)iu-n-g-|t=to yoke]], a nasal present of the root [[m|ine-pro|*yewg-|t=to yoke, join]], made thematic in Latin.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) From the same root come [[iugum]] “yoke”, [[coniunx]] “spouse” and [[iugerum|alt=iūgerum]], the land a team of oxen could plough in a day.^(de Vaan 2008)^(TLL)

+

+ Cognate with [[sa|युनक्ति|tr=yunákti|t=yokes]], [[grc|ζεύγνυμι|tr=zeúgnumi|t=to yoke]], [[lt|jùngti|t=to yoke, join]] and [[hit|iūk-|t=yoke]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from Plautus onwards,^(de Vaan 2008) whose madman cries “you order me to take horses that are yoked yet unbroken”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to [[m|en|yoke]] or harness animals, as Pacuvius' winged snakes yoked to a chariot, and to join things together, as Caesar's boats joined into a bridge.^(OLD 2012) It meant to clasp hands, as in Virgil, to bring things side by side, and to make something by combining parts.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ It meant to unite troops or people, as friends or allies, as in Terence, and to form a friendship or marriage.^(OLD 2012) It also meant to share an activity, to follow one thing directly on another, to combine qualities, as Cicero's “charm joined with seriousness”, and to connect in thought.^(OLD 2012) In grammar the passive meant to govern a case.^(Wiktionary) It survives as Italian ''giungere'', French ''joindre'' and Portuguese ''jungir''.^(Wiktionary) English ''join'' and ''joint'' came through Old French about 1300.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it for yoked horses and for friendship.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 220–130 BC – Pacuvius uses it of snakes yoked to a chariot.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar uses it for joining boats into a bridge.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it for combining qualities.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1300 – English ''join'' and ''joint'' are first recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|yoke]], harness.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To join, fasten, attach.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To clasp (hands).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To bring together, put side by side.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To make by combining; to compound (a word).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To unite (troops, people).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To form (a friendship, a marriage).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To make consecutive.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To combine (qualities).^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(grammar, passive)'' To govern (a case).^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[abiungō]]

+ * [[adiungō]]

+ * [[coniungō]]

+ * [[dēiungō]]

+ * [[disiungō]]

+ * [[injūnctus]]

+ * [[iniungō]]

+ * [[interiungō]]

+ * [[iūgis]]

+ * [[iunctim]]

+ * [[iūnctiō]]

+ * [[iunctor]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[iūxtā]]

+ * [[iugum]]

+ * [[coniunx]]

+ * [[en|join]]

+ * [[en|joint]]

+ * [[en|junction]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}