gratus Latin · revision 3057

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *gʷerH-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈɡraː.tʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈɡraː.tus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''grātus''' (feminine grāta, neuter grātum, comparative grātior, superlative grātissimus, adverb grātē); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*gʷrāto-|t=grateful]], [[inh|ine-pro|*gʷr̥H-tó-|t=praised (in song)]], from the root [[m|ine-pro|*gʷerH-|t=to welcome, praise]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Cognate with [[osc|brateis|t=of grace, favour]],^(de Vaan 2008) and with [[sa|गृणाति|tr=gṛṇā́ti|t=praises, welcomes]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from Plautus onwards,^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) whose character says “I ought to have a grateful heart towards him”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant [[m|en|grateful]] or thankful, as Terence's “you will call me mindful and grateful” and Cicero's remark that grateful men are rare.^(OLD 2012) Of kindnesses it meant welcome and deserving thanks, and of things and people welcome, acceptable or popular, as a law ''grata populo'', “welcome to the people”.^(OLD 2012) It also meant pleasant or charming, as Horace's “pleasing song”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Medieval Latin also used it for joyful,^(Niermeyer 1976) and a noun ''gratum'' meaning favour or consent appears in the 10th century.^(MLW)^(Köbler 2010) It survives as French ''gré'' and as Italian, Spanish and Portuguese ''grado'' and ''grato''.^(Wiktionary) English ''grace'' comes from its derivative ''gratia'', and ''grateful'' was formed in the 1550s from an obsolete adjective ''grate''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it for grateful and welcome.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses it of a welcome gift.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of a law welcome to the people.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace uses it of a pleasing song.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 12th century – English ''grace'' is first recorded.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1550s – English ''grateful'' is first recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|Grateful]], thankful.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Deserving thanks.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Welcome, acceptable, popular.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Pleasant, charming; dear.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Joyful.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[grātēs]]

+ * [[grātia]]

+ * [[gratificus]]

+ * [[grātor]]

+ * [[ingrātus]]

+ * [[pergrātus]]

+ * [[grātē]]

+ * [[grātificor]]

+ * [[grātitūdō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[grātiōsus]]

+ * [[grātīs]]

+ * [[grātulātiō]]

+ * [[grātulātōrius]]

+ * [[grātulor]]

+ * [[en|grace]]

+ * [[en|grateful]]

+ * [[en|gratitude]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein distinguishes ''gratum'', what is welcome because we value it and owe thanks for it, from ''iucundum'', what is pleasant in itself.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}