brand English · revision 3019

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 725, Beowulf|origins=ine-pro *gwher-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /brænd/^(Roach et al. 2011)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|enm|brand]], brond,^(Barnhart 1988) [[inh|ang|brand|t=fire, flame, a piece of burning wood, in poetry a sword]],^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988) from [[gem-pro|*brandaz|t=a burning]],^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988) the source also of Old Frisian brond, Old High German brant (German Brand “fire”) and Old Norse brandr.^(Etymonline)^(Hoad 1986) It is related to [[burn]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(Hoad 1986) and Etymonline derives it from [[ine-pro|*gwher-|t=to heat, warm]].^(Etymonline) The verb is from the noun.^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ A piece of burning wood, a firebrand, and in poetry a sword, from its glint: about 725, in ''Beowulf''.^(Barnhart 1988) The OED's first example of the burning wood is from about 950.^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The form brond was not fully replaced by brand until the 1500s.^(Barnhart 1988) The mark burned with a hot iron is from 1552,^(OED 1989)^(Barnhart 1988) and the verb, “to burn with a hot iron”, from about 1400,^(OED 1989)^(Etymonline) at first of criminals and cauterized wounds, so that the figurative sense “to stigmatize” followed in the mid-15th century.^(Etymonline) Marking a cask or goods to show the maker or quality, with the verb from the 1580s,^(Etymonline) led to the sense “trademark” by 1827 and to “a particular make of goods” by 1854.^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline) ''Brand name'' is from 1889 and ''brand loyalty'' from 1961.^(Etymonline) ''Brand-new'', like Shakespeare's ''fire-new'', compares something new to metal fresh from the fire.^(Cresswell 2021) Old French brant and Italian brando, “sword”, and the verb [[brandish]] come from the Germanic word.^(Etymonline) In East Anglian and Devon dialect ''brand'' was the smut in corn.^(Wright 1898)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 725 – a firebrand; a sword.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * c. 1400 – verb, to burn with a hot iron.^(OED 1989)^(Etymonline)

+ * mid-15th century – verb, to stigmatize.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1552 – a mark made by a hot iron.^(OED 1989)^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1580s – verb, to mark ownership.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1827 – a trademark.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1828 – a branding iron.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1854 – a make of goods.^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)

+ * 1889 – ''brand name''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[trademark]] or name that identifies a product or its maker; a product line so named.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)

+ # A particular kind or sort: ''her own brand of humour''.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)

+ # A mark of ownership burned on an animal's hide with a hot iron.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)

+ # A mark of [[disgrace]]; a [[stigma]].^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)

+ # A piece of burning or charred wood.^(AHD)^(OED 1989)

+ # ''(literary)'' A [[sword]].^(AHD)^(Hoad 1986)

+

+ ===Verb===

+ # To mark with a hot iron.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)

+ # To mark as disgraceful; to stigmatize.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)

+ # To fix firmly in the mind.^(AHD)^(OED 1989)

+ # To give a brand name to a product.^(MW Collegiate)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[brander]]

+ * [[brandless]]

+ * [[brandling]]

+ * [[nonbrand]]

+ * [[branding]]

+ * [[brand-name]]

+ * [[brand-new]]

+ * [[rebrand]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[brandish]]

+ * [[burn]]

+ * [[brandy]]

+ * [[brimstone]]

+ * [[firebrand]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}