sto Latin · revision 2983

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Naevius|origins=ine-pro *steh₂-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈstoː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈstɔː]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''stō''' (present infinitive stāre, perfect active stetī, supine statum); first conjugation, impersonal in the passive^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*sta-ē-je/o-|t=to stand, be standing]], [[inh|ine-pro|*sth₂-eh₁-ie/o-|t=to stand]], a stative present built on the root [[m|ine-pro|*steh₂-]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Unlike the other verbs of this type, which belong to the second conjugation, it ended up in the first, and it shares its perfect and supine stems with [[sisto|alt=sistō]], the corresponding verb from the same root.^(Wiktionary) De Vaan lists the related formations Latin inherited from Proto-Italic: a past participle *stato- “placed”, a noun *statu- “erecting”, a noun in *-þlo- and a nasal present *stane/o- “to place”.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ Cognate with [[xum|stahu|t=I stand]], [[osc|staít|t=stands]] and [[xfa|sta|t=stands]],^(de Vaan 2008) and further with [[sa|तिष्ठति|tr=tíṣṭhati|t=stands]], [[grc|ἵστημι|tr=hístēmi|t=to set, place]] and [[ang|standan|t=to stand]].^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Naevius onwards.^(de Vaan 2008) In Plautus a confused slave asks, ''nonne ego nunc sto ante aedis nostras?'' “am I not standing in front of our house right now?”^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its first sense was to [[m|en|stand]] upright rather than sit or lie.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) From this it came to cover standing to fight and standing firm in battle, and, of a play, holding the stage, that is, succeeding.^(OLD 2012) Things stood too: statues, trees, a spear stuck fast in its target, ships lying at anchor and pools of standing water.^(OLD 2012) It meant to stop or halt, to take sides with someone, and to be situated somewhere.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Abstract uses followed: a city or state “stands” while it lasts, an opinion stands fixed (''stat sententia''), and ''stat'' with an infinitive meant “it is my fixed resolve”.^(OLD 2012) With an ablative it meant to stand at a price, to [[m|en|cost]], and ''per me stat quominus'' meant “it is my fault that … not”.^(OLD 2012) In Medieval Latin it could mean simply to be, to be in a place or to live,^(Wiktionary) a use that lies behind Spanish and Portuguese ''estar'' and, in part, French ''être''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 235–200 BC – Naevius uses it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it for standing and for standing at a price.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses it of a play that holds its place on the stage.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar uses it of troops standing in position.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil writes ''stat casus renovare omnis'', “I am resolved to face every danger again”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1755 – English printers adopt ''stet'', “let it stand”.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|stand]], be upright, stand up.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To stand and fight; to stand firm.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(of a play)'' To hold its place, succeed.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(of things)'' To stand, be set up; to stick fast.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(of ships)'' To lie at anchor, ''(of liquids)'' to be [[m|en|stagnant]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # To stand still; to halt, stop.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To take sides (with), stand by.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To be situated, be placed.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To remain standing, last, endure.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(of opinions, resolves)'' To be fixed, ''stat'' (with infinitive) it is one's resolve.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To abide by (an agreement); to rest or depend (on).^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''per me stat'' It is due to me, it is my fault.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|cost]], stand at (a price).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' To be; to be located; to live.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[abstō]]

+ * [[antestō]]

+ * [[astō]]

+ * [[circumstō]]

+ * [[cōnstō]]

+ * [[distō]]

+ * [[exstō]]

+ * [[īnstō]]

+ * [[interstō]]

+ * [[obstō]]

+ * [[perstō]]

+ * [[praestō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[sistō]]

+ * [[statuō]]

+ * [[īnstaurō]]

+ * [[en|stet]]

+ * [[en|stare decisis]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ A separate archaic verb ''stō'' “to steal”, recorded once, is traced to [[ine-pro|*(s)teh₂y-]]; it is said to have died out because it sounded the same as the verb for “stand”.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}