ruber Latin · revision 2935

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Ennius|origins=ine-pro *h₁rewdʰ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈrʊ.bɛr]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈruː.ber]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ruber''' (feminine rubra, neuter rubrum, comparative rubrior, superlative ruberrimus); first/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*ruþro-|t=red]], [[inh|ine-pro|*h₁rudʰ-ró-|t=red]], from the root [[m|ine-pro|*h₁rewdʰ-|t=red]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012) [[rufus|alt=rūfus]] and [[russus]] “red” come from the same root.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Cognate with [[xum|rufru|t=red]],^(de Vaan 2008) and with [[sa|रुधिर|tr=rudhirá-|t=red, bloody]], [[grc|ἐρυθρός|tr=eruthrós|t=red]] and [[txb|rätre|t=red]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from Ennius onwards,^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) who speaks of the red sky, ''rubra aethra''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant [[m|en|red]], including shades of orange, as Varro's red kind of king bee and Catullus' red thongs on a book.^(OLD 2012) It described blood, flames and the sea at sunset.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) ''Mare rubrum'' was the name for the seas around Arabia, including the Red Sea, and ''Saxa Rubra'' a village north of Rome named for its red rock.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Medieval British writers used it of blood, of martyrdom and of smoked herring, and in heraldry for red.^(DMLBS) It survives as Italian, Spanish and Portuguese ''rubro''.^(Wiktionary) English ''rubric'' comes from its derivative ''rubrica'' “red ochre”, since headings were written in red, and ''ruby'' from Medieval Latin ''rubinus''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it of the sky.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it of moisture and the sun's glow.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro names a red kind of king bee.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81/79–52/50 BC – Catullus uses it of red thongs on a book.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1300 – English ''rubric'' and ''ruby'' are first recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|Red]], ruddy.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''mare rubrum'' The Red Sea; the seas around Arabia.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin, heraldry)'' Gules.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[rubelliānus]]

+ * [[rubelliō]]

+ * [[rubellulus]]

+ * [[rubellus]]

+ * [[rubrolīneātus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[rubēdō]]

+ * [[rubefaciō]]

+ * [[rubēns]]

+ * [[rubeō]]

+ * [[rubēscō]]

+ * [[rubeus]]

+ * [[rubia]]

+ * [[rubicundulus]]

+ * [[rubicundus]]

+ * [[rūbidus]]

+ * [[rūfus]]

+ * [[rubor]]

+ * [[rubrīca]]

+ * [[en|rubric]]

+ * [[en|ruby]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}