panis Latin · revision 2882

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|attested=Plautus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈpaː.nɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈpaː.nis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''pānis''' ''m'' (genitive pānis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+ A neuter ''pāne'' is found in Plautus.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The origin is uncertain.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Its link with [[pastillus|alt=pāstillus]] “small cake” points to an older form [[itc-pro|*pāst-ni-|t=loaf, cake]], which is usually connected with the root of [[pasco|alt=pāscō]] “to feed, graze”, [[ine-pro|*peh₂-]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012)^(TLL) De Vaan does not see how “graze” could become “bread” with this suffix alone, and offers no alternative.^(de Vaan 2008) Wiktionary also compares [[panus|alt=pānus]] and [[panicum|alt=pānicum]] “millet”.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from Plautus onwards,^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) who speaks of asking the baker for bread.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant [[m|en|bread]] and a loaf: Terence has ''panis ater'' “black bread”, Cicero ''panis cibarius'' “coarse bread” and Horace ''panis secundus'' “second-grade bread”.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) It meant food and a livelihood in general, as in Petronius' “this business brings in bread”, and a loaf or cake of something else, as of fish.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In Christian Latin it was the bread of the Eucharist,^(Niermeyer 1976)^(Köbler 2010) and Medieval Latin used it for grain fit for bread, as in Catalan charters.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(GMLC) It survives in all the Romance languages, as Sardinian ''pane'', Italian ''pane'', French ''pain'', Spanish ''pan'' and Portuguese ''pão'', and as Romanian ''pâine'', which became feminine.^(DÉRom)^(Wiktionary) English ''companion'' comes from Late Latin ''companio'', a “bread-fellow”, and ''pantry'' from a Medieval Latin bread room.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it for bread from the baker.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence mentions black bread.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero mentions coarse bread.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 907 – A Catalan charter uses it for bread grain.^(GMLC)

+ * c. 1300 – English ''companion'' comes through Old French.^(Etymonline)

+ * early 14th century – English ''pantry'' is first recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|Bread]]; a loaf.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Food; a livelihood.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A loaf or cake (of another food).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' The bread of the [[m|en|Eucharist]].^(Niermeyer 1976)^(Köbler 2010)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Bread grain.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(GMLC)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[compāniō]]

+ * [[pānāriolum]]

+ * [[pānārium]]

+ * [[pānārius]]

+ * [[pānicellus]]

+ * [[pāniceus]]

+ * [[pānicium]]

+ * [[pānicoctārius]]

+ * [[pānifex]]

+ * [[pānifica]]

+ * [[pānificium]]

+ * [[pānōsus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[pānus]]

+ * [[en|companion]]

+ * [[en|pantry]]

+ * [[en|company]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}