carrus Latin · revision 2785

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=120–67 BC, Sisenna|origins=ine-pro *ḱr̥sós}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈkar.rʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkar.rus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''carrus''' ''m'' (genitive carrī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+ A neuter ''carrum'' occurs in the ''Bellum Hispaniense'', in Nonius and in Isidore, with a plural ''carra'' in late texts.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|xtg|*karros|t=wagon]], [[der|cel-pro|*karros]], from [[ine-pro|*ḱr̥sós]], the zero grade of the root [[ine-pro|*ḱers-|t=to run]] that also produced the native [[currus]] “chariot”, so that it is a doublet of the native word.^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010) The OLD and Gaffiot label it a Gaulish word,^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) and the TLL reports the view that it is Gaulish, supported by the Gaulish town name Carrodunum.^(TLL) Isidore of Seville derived it from [[cardo|alt=cardō]] “pivot”, from the pivots of its wheels.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from Sisenna (120–67 BC), whom Nonius quotes together with Varro for the word;^(Köbler 2010)^(Lewis & Short 1879) it named the [[m|en|wagon]] of the Gauls.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Caesar it is the baggage wagon of the Helvetii and other Gauls, and Livy and Vegetius use it the same way.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) Lewis and Short call it a two-wheeled cart for carrying loads, Georges a four-wheeled transport wagon.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) Nonius and Porphyrio treat it as the everyday word for a vehicle, and it was still current in the Theodosian Code.^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ In medieval Latin it meant any [[m|en|cart]] or wagon, including iron-tyred carts, harvest carts and hand carts, and also a cartload, which in England became a unit of weight.^(DMLBS)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010) The Romance languages inherited it as Italian ''carro'', Spanish ''carro'', Romanian ''car'' and Old French ''char'' and ''carre'',^(Wiktionary) and its derivatives gave Italian ''carriera'' and French ''carrière'', the source of [[m|en|career]], and Italian ''caricare'', the source of ''caricatura''.^(Köbler 2010) In New Latin it serves for the motor [[m|en|car]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 120–67 BC – Sisenna uses it, as quoted by Nonius.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar describes the wagons of the Helvetii.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it of enemy wagons.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 400 AD – Vegetius uses it in his military handbook.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 560–636 AD – Isidore of Seville has the neuter ''carrum'' and derives it from ''cardo''.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 762 – An English charter grants the entry of one cart into a wood.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A Gallic [[m|en|wagon]], a baggage [[m|en|cart]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A cartload, a wagonload.^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A cart or wagon of any kind; a cartload as a unit of weight.^(DMLBS)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(New Latin)'' A motor [[m|en|car]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[carrārius]]

+ * [[carricō]]

+ * [[carrūca]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[currus]]

+ * [[en|car]]

+ * [[en|career]]

+ * [[en|carry]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}