pars Latin · revision 2784

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 450 BC, Twelve Tables|origins=itc-pro *parti-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈpars]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈpars]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''pars''' ''f'' (genitive partis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+ An old accusative ''partim'' survives as an adverb, and an old genitive ''partus'' occurs in an inscription.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*parti-|t=part]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Its further origin is debated: Schrijver, followed by de Vaan, takes it as a late Italic formation on the present stem of [[pario|alt=pariō]] “to bring forth”, like the participle [[partus]], with an original sense “lot, portion” that shifted to “part, piece”.^(de Vaan 2008) Wiktionary connects it with [[par|alt=pār]] and [[portio|alt=portiō]] and perhaps with [[ine-pro|*perh₂-|t=to sell, exchange]], the root of [[grc|πέρνημι|tr=pérnēmi|t=to sell]], or with [[ine-pro|*per-|t=to pass through]],^(Wiktionary) and Etymonline gives a root [[ine-pro|*pere-|t=to grant, allot]].^(Etymonline) Lewis and Short compare [[grc|πέπρωται|tr=péprōtai|t=it is fated]].^(Lewis & Short 1879) De Vaan adds that the related noun meaning “portion” is certainly secondary, arising in the phrase [[m|la|prō portiōne]] “proportionally” by dissimilation from [[m|la|prō ratiōne]] or from [[m|la|prō partītiōne]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is attested from the Twelve Tables (c. 450 BC) and Livius Andronicus onwards, meaning a [[m|en|part]] or share;^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) Cato's farming manual has olive lees and water mixed in equal parts (''aequas partes'').^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From a part of a whole it developed many special uses: a [[m|en|fraction]] (''pars tertia'' a third, ''tres partes'' three quarters), a degree of a circle in Vitruvius and Manilius, a part of speech (''pars orationis'') in Quintilian, a branch of study, a part of the body, and a share in property or in an undertaking (''pro sua parte'', ''pro virili parte'').^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) The plural meant a [[m|en|role]] in a play, as early as Plautus, and hence a person's function or task.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ It also meant a region or direction (''in omnes partes''), a side or aspect (''in utramque partem''), and a party or faction in war, politics or a lawsuit.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) Medieval documents use it for an inheritance portion, for sharecropping “at half the crop” and for a lord's followers or soldiers.^(Niermeyer 1976) All Romance languages keep it, as Sardinian and Italian ''parte'', Romanian ''parte'', French ''part'' and Spanish ''parte''.^(DÉRom)^(Wiktionary) English [[m|en|part]] came through Old French in the mid-13th century, and [[m|en|parse]] arose in the 1550s from the school question ''quae pars orationis?'' “what part of speech?”.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 450 BC – The Twelve Tables use it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus speaks of the parts in a play and of a party in a lawsuit.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato prescribes equal parts in a recipe.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it for a part of speech and for political factions.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 84–c. 25 BC – Vitruvius uses it for a degree of a circle.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 35–95/96 AD – Quintilian counts the ''partes orationis''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * mid-13th century – English borrows it, through Old French, as [[en|part]].^(Etymonline)

+ * 1550s – [[en|parse|alt=Parse]] is formed in English from the school phrase ''quae pars orationis''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|part]], portion or piece of a whole; a large or small part.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(mathematics)'' A [[m|en|fraction]]; a degree of a circle.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A component, element or division; a branch of study; a part of speech.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A part of the body, a member; a faculty of the mind.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A member of a group; one who has a part in an action.^(OLD 2012)

+ # One's share or portion; a share in an action.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(usually plural)'' A [[m|en|role]] in a play; one's function, task or duty.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A region, quarter or direction.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A side or aspect of a matter; a standpoint.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(usually plural)'' A [[m|en|party]], side or faction in war, politics or a lawsuit.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' An inheritance portion; a lord's followers or soldiers.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[expers]]

+ * [[partiālis]]

+ * [[partiārius]]

+ * [[partiatim]]

+ * [[particeps]]

+ * [[particula]]

+ * [[partilis]]

+ * [[partim]]

+ * [[partiō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[pariō]]

+ * [[portiō]]

+ * [[pār]]

+ * [[en|part]]

+ * [[en|parse]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein distinguishes ''pars'', a part in relation to the whole, from ''portio'', a share in relation to its possessor.^(Döderlein 1874) Plautus already uses ''partes'' of the parts in a play.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}