hortus Latin · revision 2756

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 450 BC, Twelve Tables|origins=ine-pro *ǵʰortos}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈhɔr.tʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈɔr.tus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hortus''' ''m'' (genitive hortī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+ Inscriptions and late texts write ''ortus'', and medieval Latin has a neuter ''hortum'' and a fourth-declension ''hortus''.^(TLL)^(MLW)^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*χorto-]], [[inh|ine-pro|*ǵʰortos|t=enclosure]], a verbal adjective “enclosed” to a root *ǵʰer- “to enclose, grasp”.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010)^(Pokorny 1959) De Vaan reconstructs two Indo-European nouns of the same meaning, *ǵʰ(o)r-to- and *ǵʰor-dʰo-, “enclosure, house”, which were contaminated in the daughter languages.^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[osc|húrz|t=enclosure]], [[sga|gort|t=field, standing crop]], [[wlm|garth|t=pen, fold]] and [[grc|χόρτος|tr=khórtos|t=enclosed place, feeding place]], and more loosely with the Germanic words [[got|𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃|tr=gards|t=house]], [[non|garðr|t=fence, yard]], [[ang|geard]] and [[goh|garto|t=garden]], with [[lt|gardas|alt=gar̃das|t=pen]], [[cu|градъ|tr=gradŭ|t=town, garden]] and [[sa|गृह|tr=gr̥há-|t=house]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) The relation to [[cohors]] is discussed under that word.^(de Vaan 2008) Isidore of Seville explained it as the place where something always grows up ([[m|la|oritur]]).^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is attested from the Twelve Tables,^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) where, as Pliny the Elder and Festus report, it meant a country house, the later ''villa''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Plautus uses it of a [[m|en|garden]] one digs or slips through.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its ordinary sense was a fruit or vegetable garden, and Cato and Horace use it also for the garden's produce, vegetables.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) Pliny describes the movable frames, “hanging gardens” on wheels, in which Tiberius' cucumbers were grown, and Columella calls a plot of a vineyard a ''hortus''.^(OLD 2012) The plural meant pleasure grounds or a park, such as the ''horti'' of Caesar, Maecenas and Sallust at Rome, and the garden in which Epicurus taught stood for his school.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) The ''Priapea'' use it obscenely.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Medieval Latin used it for a small rural holding with a house and kitchen garden, and for a game park or deer enclosure, and ''hortus curialis'' was a court of justice.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(MLW)^(Köbler 2010) It survives as Italian ''orto'' and Old French ''ort'', and French ''hortillon'' and ''hortillonnages'' name the market gardens of Amiens.^(Wiktionary) Old English ''ortgeard'' combines it with the native word.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 450 BC – The Twelve Tables use it in the sense “country house”.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of a garden.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of garden produce.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero speaks of the gardens of Epicurus and of pleasure gardens at Rome.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder describes gardens on wheels and explains the sense in the Twelve Tables.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1158–1160 – Rahewin has a medieval sense.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|garden]], especially a fruit or vegetable garden; garden produce.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ # A movable frame for growing plants; a plot of a vineyard.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(usually plural)'' Pleasure grounds, a [[m|en|park]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # The garden of Epicurus; his school.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ # ''(Old Latin)'' A country house.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A small holding with house and garden; a game park, a deer enclosure.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(MLW)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[hortēnsis]]

+ * [[hortensius]]

+ * [[hortuālis]]

+ * [[hortulus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[cohors]]

+ * [[en|horticulture]]

+ * [[en|garden]]

+ * [[en|yard]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}