civis Latin · revision 2753

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 450 BC, Twelve Tables|origins=ine-pro *ḱei-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈkiː.wɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈt͡ʃiː.vis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''cīvis''' ''m'' or f (genitive cīvis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+ Old Latin wrote ''ceivis'', as in the decree on the Bacchanalia, and the ablative is ''cīve'' or, in Plautus and often in Cicero, ''cīvī''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*keiwi-|t=society]], from [[ine-pro|*ḱei-uo-|t=friendly, intimate, dear]], an adjective of the root [[ine-pro|*ḱei-|t=to lie, settle]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010) Following Vine, de Vaan takes the Italic word as an abstract noun “society”, later used of a single member, which explains why [[civicus|alt=cīvicus]] and [[civilis|alt=cīvīlis]] mean “of the civic order” rather than “of a citizen”.^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[osc|ceus|t=citizen]], probably borrowed from Latin before ''ē'' became ''ī'', with [[sa|शिव|tr=śivá-|t=favourable]], [[lv|sieva|alt=siẽva|t=wife]], [[got|𐌷𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰|tr=heiwafrauja|t=master of the household]], [[ang|hīwan|t=members of the household]] and [[goh|hīwo|t=husband]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(TLL) Isidore of Seville explained citizens as those who “come together into one”.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is attested in the Twelve Tables and then from Plautus onwards,^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) and the Tables provide a protector for a proletarian [[m|en|citizen]], and Ennius laments the fortune that crushed fierce fellow citizens.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant a fellow citizen or countryman, as in Cicero's wars “against citizens”, and a citizen in relation to the state, opposed to the foreigner (''peregrinus'') and the enemy (''hostis'').^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) With a name it was a citizen of a particular city, and ''civis totius mundi'' a citizen of the world; as a term of status it was a free person, and specifically a Roman citizen (''civis Romanus'').^(OLD 2012) Cicero also uses it of a king's subjects.^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ Medieval Latin used it for any inhabitant of a city, regardless of status, for the bishop's subjects in his city, for a villager or “neighbour” in a village community, and for a fellow burgess, and Köbler adds the dweller of a castle.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(MLW)^(Köbler 2010) Italian ''cive'' is a learned borrowing.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 450 BC – The Twelve Tables use it of a proletarian citizen.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it of fellow citizens.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus opposes citizen and foreigner and uses it of a free person.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 186 BC – The decree on the Bacchanalia spells it ''ceivis''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of a citizen of the world and of a king's subjects.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 786–804 – Liutger's life has a medieval sense.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A fellow [[m|en|citizen]], a countryman.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A citizen in relation to the state, as opposed to a foreigner; a citizen of a named city; a citizen of the world.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A free person; a Roman citizen.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A subject of a king.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Any inhabitant of a city; a bishop's subject; a villager, a neighbour; a fellow burgess.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(MLW)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[cīvicus]]

+ * [[cīvīle]]

+ * [[cīvīlis]]

+ * [[cīvīlitās]]

+ * [[cīvīliter]]

+ * [[cīvitās]]

+ * [[cīvitātula]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|city]]

+ * [[en|civil]]

+ * [[en|civic]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The word is of common gender: ''civis Romana'' is a Roman citizen woman, and Plautus has ''cives tuas'' of women.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}