damnum Latin · revision 2751

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 450 BC, Twelve Tables|origins=ine-pro *dh₂p-no-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈdam.nũː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈdam.num]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''damnum''' ''n'' (genitive damnī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+ Manuscripts and late texts often write ''dampnum''.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*dapno-]], [[inh|ine-pro|*dh₂p-no-|t=expense, investment]], from the root [[ine-pro|*deh₂p-|t=to sacrifice, apportion]] of [[daps]] “sacrificial feast”; the OLD and Wiktionary compare [[grc|δαπάνη|tr=dapánē|t=expense]] and [[non|tapa|t=to lose]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010) Lewis and Short and Georges report Ritschl's rival explanation, an old participle *daminum of [[do|alt=dare]], “what is given” as a penalty, which Lewis and Short prefer.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) Varro derived it from [[demptio|alt=dēmptiō]], a taking away, and Isidore from the diminishing of a thing.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is attested in the Twelve Tables,^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) which make a man pay double the fruits as a [[m|en|penalty]];^(OLD 2012) Plautus uses it of financial [[m|en|loss]] brought on husbands by dowried wives.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its basic sense was financial loss, in the phrases ''damnum dare'', to cause loss, and ''damnum facere'', to incur it, and in the law of ''damnum iniuria'', loss unlawfully caused to another's slaves or beasts, and ''damnum infectum'', loss apprehended.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It extended to any loss or detriment, to the waning of the moon, to military losses and the loss of faculties, and by metonymy to the person or thing that causes loss or that is lost.^(OLD 2012) From the start it also meant a sum paid in restitution or as a penalty, a fine, and hence other forfeits.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Medieval Latin used it for any penalty, for a place damaged by straying animals, for costs and for interest on capital, and Köbler adds damnation.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(Köbler 2010) It survives as Italian ''danno'', Spanish ''daño'', Portuguese ''dano'', Romanian ''daună'' and obsolete French ''dam'',^(Wiktionary) and English law keeps ''damnum''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 450 BC – The Twelve Tables use it of a penalty.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of financial loss.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of loss and in ''damnas esto''.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of the action for ''damnum iniuria'' and of loss to letters.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it of military losses.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 643 – The Edict of Rothari has the medieval sense.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # Financial [[m|en|loss]], as in ''damnum dare'', to cause loss, and ''damnum iniuria'', loss unlawfully caused.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Loss or detriment of any kind; the waning of the moon; military losses.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A cause of loss; a lost possession.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A sum paid in restitution, a [[m|en|fine]]; a forfeit.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Any penalty; a place damaged by animals; costs; interest; damnation.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[damnifico]]

+ * [[damnificus]]

+ * [[damnigerulus]]

+ * [[damnō]]

+ * [[damnōsus]]

+ * [[indemnis]]

+ * [[*damnāticum]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[daps]]

+ * [[en|damage]]

+ * [[en|damn]]

+ * [[en|condemn]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein distinguishes ''damnum'', a loss incurred, opposed to [[lucrum]], from [[detrimentum|alt=dētrīmentum]], a loss endured, and [[iactura|alt=iactūra]], a voluntary loss or sacrifice.^(Döderlein 1874) The verb [[damno|alt=damnāre]] “to condemn” and the formula ''damnas esto'' “let him be condemned to pay” derive from it.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}