socius Latin · revision 2739

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Very Old Latin, Garigliano bowl|origins=ine-pro *sokʷ-(h₂)-i-o-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈsɔ.ki.ʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈsɔː.t͡ʃi.us]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''socius''' ''m'' (genitive sociī or socī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+ The archaic genitive plural ''socium'' survives in verse and in formulas such as ''socium Latini nominis''.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008) An inscription has ''sokiois'' and late texts ''sotius''.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*sokjo-]], [[inh|ine-pro|*sokʷ-(h₂)-i-o-|t=companion]], from the root [[ine-pro|*sekʷ-|t=to follow]], as in [[sequor]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010)^(Pokorny 1959) Cognate with [[xfa|sociai|t=girlfriend]], with [[sa|सखा|tr=sákhā|t=friend, companion]] and [[ae|haxa|t=friend]], and with [[non|seggr|t=man, warrior]] and [[ang|secg|t=man, warrior]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan leaves open whether the Latin and Germanic words continue the Indo-Iranian collective in *-h₂- or are o-stem derivatives of a noun or adjective *sokʷ-i-.^(de Vaan 2008) The unique suffix of Plautus' [[sociennus]] is usually taken as Etruscan.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Garigliano bowl, a Very Old Latin inscription, has the ablative plural ''sokiois'';^(de Vaan 2008) Livius Andronicus uses it of the [[m|en|companion|alt=companions]] whom the impious Cyclops devoured.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ As a noun it meant a companion, a partner who shares a responsibility or possession, and, in a bad sense, an accomplice.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) In business it was a partner, with the ''actio pro socio'' between partners, and the ''socii'' were the members of a trading company, especially of tax farmers.^(OLD 2012) In public life it was an [[m|en|ally]] bound by treaty, and the ''socii'' were the Italian allies of Rome before the Social War, the ''socii navales'' those who served in the fleet, and ''socii Latini nominis'' the non-citizen allies as a whole; as Roman power grew the word came to mean a provincial.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ As an adjective it meant sharing or associated, allied (''socia arma'', ''sociae civitates''), of allied troops, and, in poetry, shared, as of a marriage bed.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Medieval writers used the noun for a student, an assistant priest, a kinsman and a bailiff.^(Köbler 2010) Romanian ''soț'' “husband” and Italian ''soccio'' continue it, and Italian, Spanish and Portuguese ''socio'' are learned borrowings;^(Wiktionary) the English prefix [[m|en|socio-]] is taken from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Very Old Latin – The Garigliano bowl inscription has ''sokiois''.^(de Vaan 2008)

+ * c. 280–200 BC – Livius Andronicus uses it of companions.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of a partner, an accomplice and allies.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of business partners, tax-farming companies and the allies of Rome.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus uses the adjective of allied cohorts.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 13th century – Niermeyer's medieval citations.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1880 – The prefix [[en|socio-]] becomes common in English.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|companion]], a comrade.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A partner, a colleague; an accomplice.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A business partner, and in the plural the members of a trading company, especially tax farmers.^(OLD 2012)

+ # An [[m|en|ally]], and in the plural the Italian allies of Rome, or the ''socii navales'', allies serving in the fleet.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A student; an assistant priest; a kinsman; a bailiff.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Sharing, associated, in partnership; kindred.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Allied, confederate; of allied troops.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Shared, common, as of marriage.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[associus]]

+ * [[sociālis]]

+ * [[sociofraudus]]

+ * [[socia]]

+ * [[societās]]

+ * [[sociennus]]

+ * [[sociō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[secus]]

+ * [[sequor]]

+ * [[sociābilis]]

+ * [[sociālitās]]

+ * [[sociāliter]]

+ * [[sociātiō]]

+ * [[sociātrīx]]

+ * [[en|social]]

+ * [[en|society]]

+ * [[en|associate]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein distinguishes ''socii'', bound by common interests to act together, from [[sodalis|alt=sodālēs]], bound only by the pleasure of each other's company.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}