salvus Latin · revision 2736

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 235–200 BC, Naevius|origins=ine-pro *slH-u-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈsaɫ.wʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈsal.vus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''salvus''' (feminine salva, neuter salvum); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+ Pre-classical texts write ''salvos''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*salu-|t=whole, healthy]], [[inh|ine-pro|*slH-u-|t=whole]], from the root [[ine-pro|*solh₂-|t=whole]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(Pokorny 1959) Cognate with [[xfa|salues]] and the Faliscan greeting [[m|xfa|salue]], with [[osc|salavs]], [[umc|salaus]] and [[xum|saluom]] “whole, healthy”, and further with [[hit|šalli-|t=big, main]], [[sa|सर्व|tr=sárva-|t=whole, all]], [[ae|hauruua-|t=undamaged]], [[peo|haruva-|t=whole]], [[grc|ὅλος|tr=hólos|t=whole]], [[sq|gjallë|t=alive]] and [[xto|salu|t=wholly]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The form raises a problem: the cognates point to *solwo-, but *salwo- should have given Latin *sallus, so de Vaan supposes that the u-stem *salu-, seen in [[salus|alt=salūs]] and [[saluber|alt=salūber]], was thematized within Italic after the change of *-lw- to *-ll-, perhaps under the influence of [[sollus]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from Naevius onwards, together with the greeting [[salve|alt=salvē]];^(de Vaan 2008) Naevius has the wish ''salvi et fortunati sitis'', “may you be [[m|en|safe]] and fortunate”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant safe and unharmed, of people, in the colloquial ''salvus sum'' “I am all right” and in greetings and wishes (''salvus sis''); of circumstances, in good state (''salva res est''); and of health, as in Cato's prayer to Mars to keep shepherds and flocks ''salva''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) In law it meant immune from punishment or restored from exile; of a state, secure; of things and money, intact; of abstract qualities, unimpaired, and in the ablative “without loss to” (''salva fide'', ''salvo iure'').^(OLD 2012) It also meant still alive or surviving, and of laws still in force, and ''salvo eo ut'' introduced a reservation.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Christian Latin gave it the sense “saved, blessed”, and medieval texts use it of a place enjoying rights of [[m|en|sanctuary]].^(Niermeyer 1976)^(Köbler 2010)^(Stelten 1995) It survives as Italian, Spanish and Portuguese ''salvo'' and French ''sauf'',^(Wiktionary) and English [[m|en|safe]] came through Old French ''sauf'' about 1300, at first “unhurt” and “saved spiritually”.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 235–200 BC – Naevius uses it in a wish.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus has ''salvus sum'' and uses it of an unbroken seal and of money.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato prays that flocks may be kept ''salva''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of the safety of the republic and of a defendant's immunity.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus has ''salva ratione'', without prejudice.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * before 223 AD – Ulpian has ''salvo eo ut'', with the reservation that.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1300 – [[en|safe|alt=Safe]] is borrowed into English.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|safe|alt=Safe]], unharmed, in safety; in greetings, ''salvus sis''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # In a good state, well; in good health.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(law)'' Immune from punishment; restored to civil rights.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Secure, as of a state; intact, undamaged; not lost.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Unimpaired; in the ablative, without loss or prejudice to.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Still alive, surviving; still in force.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Christian Latin)'' Saved, blessed.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(Köbler 2010)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Enjoying rights of [[m|en|sanctuary]].^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[salveō]]

+ * [[salvificus]]

+ * [[salvō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[solidus]]

+ * [[sollus]]

+ * [[salūs]]

+ * [[salvē]]

+ * [[en|safe]]

+ * [[en|save]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein groups ''salvus'' with [[sospes|alt=sōspes]], safe as opposed to killed, against [[incolumis]] and [[integer]], unhurt and untouched.^(Döderlein 1874) The greeting [[salve|alt=salvē]] “hail” is the imperative of [[salveo|alt=salvēre]], a verb derived from the adjective.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}