καταστροφή Ancient Greek · revision 2673

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=6th–5th century BC, Aeschylus|origins=grc στρέφω}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /ka.tas.tro.pʰɛ̌ː/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /ka.tas.troˈɸi/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /ka.tas.troˈfi/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''κᾰτᾰστροφή''' (katastrophḗ) ''f'' (genitive κᾰτᾰστροφῆς); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is derived from [[καταστρέφω|tr=katastréphō|t=to overturn; to subdue; to bring to an end]] with the suffix [[m|grc|-ή|tr=-ḗ]].^(Wiktionary)^(CGL 2021) The verb is formed from [[κατά|tr=katá|t=down]] and [[στρέφω|tr=stréphō|t=to turn]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Aeschylus uses it for the overturning of established laws, in the ''Eumenides'', and for the end or resolution of a situation, in the ''Suppliants'': “nowhere is there an end without grief”.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Herodotus and Thucydides use it for the subjugation of cities and peoples.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021) It also meant an end or conclusion, of a book, a discussion or a series of events, and the end of life, death, in Sophocles, Thucydides and Polybius.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021) In drama it was the dénouement, the final turn of the plot, in Antiphanes and Polybius.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021) The Aristotelian ''Problems'' use it for the return of a vibrating string to rest, and Menander for ruin.^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ In the Septuagint it is overthrow and destruction, as in Genesis.^(Lust 2003)^(BDAG 2000) Medieval Greek kept it, and Modern Greek [[m|el|καταστροφή|tr=katastrofí]] is destruction and disaster, a sense reinforced by French ''catastrophe''.^(Kriaras)^(Triantafyllidis 1998) The word passed into many European languages.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 6th–5th century BC – Aeschylus uses it for overturning and for an end.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ * 5th century BC – Herodotus uses it for subjugation.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ * 5th century BC – Sophocles uses it for the end of life.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ * 4th century BC – Antiphanes uses it for the ending of a play.^(LSJ 1940)

+ * 3rd–1st century BC – The Septuagint uses it for destruction.^(Lust 2003)

+ * 6th century AD – A papyrus uses it for a crane.^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # An overturning.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # Subjugation, [[m|en|conquest]].^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # An end, conclusion; the end of life, death.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # ''(drama)'' The [[m|en|dénouement]], the ending of a play.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # The return of a vibrating string to rest.^(LSJ 1940)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Ruin, [[m|en|destruction]].^(LSJ 1940)^(Lust 2003)

+ # A crane.^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[καταστρέφω|tr=katastréphō]]

+ * [[στρέφω|tr=stréphō]]

+ * [[ἀποστροφή|tr=apostrophḗ]]

+ * [[en|catastrophe]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}