στρέφω Ancient Greek · revision 2662

+ {{infobox|confidence=disputed|formation=borrowing|attested=Homer, Iliad|origins=qfa-sub-grc}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''στρέφω''' (stréphō) ^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The origin is disputed.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960) Beekes, following van Beek, considers it Pre-Greek, [[der|qfa-sub-grc|-]]: the root has no Indo-European cognates, and its relation to [[στρεβλός|tr=streblós|t=twisted]] shows the substrate variation ⟨β⟩ / ⟨φ⟩.^(Beekes 2010)^(Beekes 2014) The PHILOGLOSSA database rates this as very reliable.^(PHILOGLOSSA) LIV nevertheless lists a root [[ine-pro|*strebʰ-|t=to turn]], found only in Greek, and Wiktionary notes the traditional comparison with [[gmw-pro|*stroppōn|t=to twist]].^(LIV 2001)^(Wiktionary) Frisk saw it as an inherited word of recent date, whose regular and productive word family does not look borrowed but has no convincing cognates.^(Frisk 1960)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In the ''Iliad'' it is used of turning horses round and of ploughmen turning their teams.^(Cunliffe 1924)^(PHILOGLOSSA)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means to turn something in a direction, to turn round or back (an army in flight), to twist, and to make revolve, as a spindle in Herodotus or the universe in Plato.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940) In the middle and passive it means to turn oneself, to roam about, to toss in bed, and to be engaged in something.^(CGL 2021) Frisk notes that it partly displaced older words for turning such as [[εἰλέω|tr=eiléō]].^(Frisk 1960)

+

+ The Septuagint uses it for turning something into something else and for turning hearts back, and in the New Testament one turns the other cheek, and must turn and become like children.^(Lust 2003)^(BDAG 2000) It is the base of [[στροφή|tr=strophḗ|t=turning]] and of compounds such as [[καταστροφή|tr=katastrophḗ]] and [[ἀποστροφή|tr=apostrophḗ]].^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960) Modern Greek has the learned [[m|el|στρέφω|tr=stréfo]] and the popular ''στρίβω'' “to turn, twist”.^(Triantafyllidis 1998)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Homer – The ''Iliad'' uses it for turning horses and plough teams.^(Cunliffe 1924)^(PHILOGLOSSA)

+ * 5th century BC – Herodotus uses it for turning a spindle.^(CGL 2021)

+ * 5th–4th century BC – Plato uses it for the revolution of the universe.^(CGL 2021)

+ * 3rd–1st century BC – The Septuagint uses it for turning one thing into another.^(Lust 2003)

+ * 1st century AD – The New Testament uses it for turning the cheek and for turning back.^(BDAG 2000)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|turn]] in a direction; to direct.^(CGL 2021)^(BDAG 2000)

+ # To turn round or back; to rout an army.^(CGL 2021)

+ # To [[m|en|twist]].^(Wiktionary)^(Beekes 2010)

+ # To make revolve, spin.^(CGL 2021)

+ # To turn into, change; to convert.^(Lust 2003)^(BDAG 2000)

+ # ''(middle and passive)'' To turn oneself; to roam about; to toss about.^(CGL 2021)

+ # ''(middle and passive)'' To be engaged in something.^(CGL 2021)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[στρεβλός|tr=streblós]]

+ * [[στροφή|tr=strophḗ]]

+ * [[καταστροφή|tr=katastrophḗ]]

+ * [[ἀποστροφή|tr=apostrophḗ]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}