energy English · revision 2536

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1581 (Sidney)|origins=grc ἔργον}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: UK /ˈen.ə.dʒi/, US /ˈen.ɚ.dʒi/^(Roach et al. 2011)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|fr|énergie]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(SOED 2002) partly directly [[bor|la-lat|energīa]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(SOED 2002) from [[grc|ἐνέργεια|tr=enérgeia|t=activity, action, operation]],^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)^(Klein 1966) from [[m|grc|ἐνεργός|tr=energós|t=active, working]],^(Etymonline)^(Klein 1966) formed from [[m|grc|ἐν|tr=en|t=in, at]] and [[m|grc|ἔργον|tr=érgon|t=work]].^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)^(AHD 2000) Etymonline traces ''érgon'' to [[ine-pro|*werg-|t=to do]],^(Etymonline)^(AHD 2000) the root of English [[work]].^(Barnhart 1988) Klein notes that the Greek noun was formed by Aristotle,^(Klein 1966) who used it for actuality as opposed to potentiality,^(Etymonline) a sense that, according to Etymonline, was misunderstood in Late Latin.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Force or vigour of expression in speech or writing: 1581, in Sidney's ''Defence of Poesie'',^(Barnhart 1988)^(OED 1989) or the 1590s;^(Etymonline) Barnhart dates the borrowing from French to 1599.^(Barnhart 1988)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The exercise of power, actual working or operation, is recorded from before 1626.^(OED 1989) Power actively displayed is from 1665,^(OED 1989)^(Barnhart 1988) and the latent capacity to produce an effect from 1677.^(OED 1989) Vigour or intensity of action as a personal quality is from 1809.^(OED 1989) In physics, the power of a body or system to do work is from 1807,^(OED 1989) and the word was briefly proposed as a name for momentum in 1808.^(OED 1989) Energy as usable power from sources such as coal or petroleum, and the ''energy crisis'', are 20th-century uses.^(AHD) ''Energetic'' and ''energize'' are from the 17th and 18th centuries.^(Hoad 1986)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1581 – vigour of expression (Sidney).^(OED 1989)^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1599 – from French ''énergie''.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * before 1626 – operation, activity.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1665 – power displayed.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1677 – latent ability to produce an effect.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1807 – in physics, the power to do work.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1809 – personal vigour.^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The capacity for work or vigorous activity; [[vigour]].^(AHD)^(SOED 2002)

+ # The exertion of power; intensity of expression.^(AHD)^(OED 1989)

+ # Usable heat or power, or a source of it such as [[coal]] or [[petroleum]].^(AHD)

+ # ''(physics)'' The capacity of a system to do [[work]].^(AHD)^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[bioenergy]]

+ * [[energise]]

+ * [[energize]]

+ * [[high-energy]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ergonomics]]

+ * [[synergy]]

+ * [[energetic]]

+ * [[work]]

+ * [[allergy]]

+ * [[organ]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}