ἄλλος Ancient Greek · revision 2344

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Homer, Iliad|origins=ine-pro *h₂élyos}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /ál.los/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /ˈal.los/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /ˈal.los/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ᾰ̓́λλος''' (állos) ''m'' (feminine ᾰ̓́λλη, neuter ᾰ̓́λλο); first/second declension^(Wiktionary)

+ Cypriot [[αἶλος|tr=aîlos]] (inscription from Idalion, 5th century BC); Cretan also ἄλος.^(Beekes 2010)^(DGE)^(LSJ 1940)

+ Arcadian neuter ἄλλυ.^(DGE)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|ine-pro|*h₂élyos|t=other]], the common Indo-European adjective for “other”.^(Beekes 2010)^(Wiktionary)^(Frisk 1960) Beekes writes the root as [[m|ine-pro|*h₂el-io-]].^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ Cognate with [[la|alius]], [[got|𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌹𐍃|tr=aljis]], [[sga|aile]], [[xcl|այլ|tr=ayl]] and Tocharian B alyek, all meaning “other”.^(Beekes 2010)^(Wiktionary) Gaulish has it in the tribal name Allobroges.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960)^(Wiktionary) [[sa|अन्य|tr=anyá-]] “other” is similar, but Beekes explains its n as a blend with the comparative [[m|ine-pro|*h₂entero-]], and Frisk leaves the relation open.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960) The particle [[ἀλλά|tr=allá]] “but” is the neuter plural of the word.^(Frisk 1960)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from the ''Iliad'' on, meaning “another, one more” and “other, different”: in the ''Iliad'' an archer shoots “another arrow”, and Zeus is addressed together with “the other gods”.^(CGL 2021)^(Beekes 2010)^(Cunliffe 1924)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Homer already has most of its uses: with the article, οἱ ἄλλοι “the others, the rest”; in pairs, ἄλλος μὲν … ἄλλος δέ “one … another”; and in a sense close to “different”, as of a different kind of bird.^(Cunliffe 1924)^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021) In the ''Odyssey'' the word can even mean “other than true”, that is, untrue.^(Autenrieth 1891)^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ Classical prose added idioms such as ἄλλος ἄλλα λέγει “one man says one thing, another something else” (Xenophon), and with a numeral it meant “yet another”: Herodotus speaks of “a fifth river besides”.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940) Hesiod and Euripides use it as a euphemism for bad fortune, “other” than good.^(CGL 2021)^(DGE) In Attic decrees τὰ μὲν ἄλλα “as for the rest” introduced amendments.^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ Grammarians distinguished it from [[ἕτερος|tr=héteros]]: ἕτερος was used of one of two, ἄλλος of one of many.^(Suda) The New Testament still largely keeps that difference.^(Abbott-Smith 1922)^(Thayer 1889) The word continued through medieval Greek and survives as [[el|άλλος|tr=állos]].^(Kriaras)^(Triantafyllidis 1998)^(Πάπυρος)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Homer – used for “another, more” and for “other, different”, and with the article for “the rest”.^(Cunliffe 1924)^(LSJ 1940)

+ * Before the 6th century BC – Hesiod uses it of misfortune, “something other” than good.^(CGL 2021)^(DGE)

+ * 5th century BC – the Cypriot form αἶλος appears on an inscription from Idalion.^(DGE)

+ * 5th century BC – Herodotus uses it with numerals: “yet a fifth river”.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+ * 5th–4th century BC – Plato and Xenophon have ἄλλος ἄλλα λέγει, “different men say different things”.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)^(DGE)

+ * 1st century AD – the New Testament uses it for “another” in contrast with oneself: “he saved others, he cannot save himself”.^(BDAG 2000)

+ * Modern Greek – continues as άλλος.^(Triantafyllidis 1998)^(Kriaras)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|other]], [[m|en|another]]: one more besides those mentioned.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # Other, different in kind; with the genitive, other than.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # ''(with the article)'' The rest, all the others; τὰ ἄλλα “in other respects”.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # ''(with numerals)'' Yet, still, further: “a fifth river besides”.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # ''(repeated or paired)'' One … another; ἄλλος ἄλλο “each a different thing”.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # ''(of time)'' The next or the other: τῇ ἄλλῃ ἡμέρᾳ “on the next day”.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # ''(euphemistic)'' Other than good: adverse, unlucky.^(CGL 2021)^(DGE)

+ # ''(Odyssey)'' Other than true, untrue.^(LSJ 1940)^(Autenrieth 1891)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[ἀλλά|tr=allá]]

+ * [[ἀλλαγή|tr=allagḗ]]

+ * [[ἀλλάσσω|tr=allássō]]

+ * [[ἀλλαχόθεν|tr=allakhóthen]]

+ * [[ἀλλαχοῦ|tr=allakhoû]]

+ * [[ἀλλοῖος|tr=alloîos]]

+ * [[ἄλλοσε|tr=állose]]

+ * [[ἄλλυδις|tr=álludis]]

+ * [[ἄλλως|tr=állōs]]

+ * [[ἀλλάξ|tr=alláx]]

+ * [[ἀλλήλων|tr=allḗlōn]]

+ * [[ἀλλότριος|tr=allótrios]]

+ * [[ἀλλοδαπός|tr=allodapós]]

+ * [[ἀλλήλων|tr=allḗlōn]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[la|alius]]

+ * [[en|allegory]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The ancient synonym books distinguish ἄλλος from [[ἕτερος|tr=héteros]]: ἕτερος is used of one of two, ἄλλος of one among many.^(Suda)^(Thayer 1889) The proverb ἄλλος οὗτος Ἡρακλῆς “here is another Heracles” was said of people who get their way by force.^(Suda)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}