πέντε Ancient Greek · revision 2340

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Homer, Iliad|origins=ine-pro *pénkʷe}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /pén.te/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /ˈpen.te/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /ˈpen.te/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''πέντε''' (pénte) (ordinal πέμπτος, adverbial πεντᾰ́κῐς)^(Wiktionary)

+ Aeolic [[πέμπε|tr=pémpe]], Pamphylian πέ(ν)δε.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960)^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|grk-pro|*pénkʷe]], [[inh|ine-pro|*pénkʷe|t=five]].^(Wiktionary)^(Beekes 2010) Aeolic πέμπε shows a different outcome of the labiovelar /kʷ/.^(Beekes 2010)^(Πάπυρος) Pamphylian πέ(ν)δε voiced the /t/ after the nasal, which was being lost.^(Frisk 1960) The ordinal [[πέμπτος|tr=pémptos]] “fifth” goes back to [[m|ine-pro|*penkʷ-to-]], with the /p/ that the labiovelar regularly gave before /t/.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960)

+

+ Cognate with [[sa|पञ्च|tr=páñca]], [[la|quīnque]], [[lt|penki]], [[got|𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆|tr=fimf]] and [[xcl|հինգ|tr=hing]], all “five”.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960)^(Wiktionary) The long vowel of [[πεντήκοντα|tr=pentḗkonta]] “fifty” has parallels in Sanskrit and Armenian.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found in Homer for the number five.^(Cunliffe 1924)^(LSJ 1940)^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ As a first member of compounds the form is mostly πεντα-, after ἑπτα- and δεκα-, as in [[πένταθλον|tr=péntathlon]] “pentathlon”.^(Beekes 2010) Simonides says “having won the five” for winning it.^(Beekes 2010)^(LSJ 1940) Homer has the verb πεμπάζω “to count on the five fingers”, and Hesychius records πεντάχα “the hand”.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960) In Sparta a πεντηκοστύς was a body of fifty soldiers.^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ The magical papyri speak of the “five planets” begotten by Helios.^(LMPG) The word continued unchanged through medieval Greek into [[el|πέντε|tr=pénde]], which has many idioms with it.^(Kriaras)^(Triantafyllidis 1998)^(Πάπυρος)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Homer – πέντε “five”; πεμπάζω “to count on the fingers”.^(Cunliffe 1924)^(Beekes 2010)

+ * 6th–5th century BC – Simonides: τὰ πέντε κρατήσας, “having won the pentathlon”.^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+ * 5th century BC – Thucydides describes the Spartan πεντηκοστύς.^(Beekes 2010)^(DGE)

+ * Modern Greek – πέντε.^(Triantafyllidis 1998)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Numeral===

+ # [[m|en|five]].^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # τὰ πέντε, the [[m|en|pentathlon]].^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[πέμπτος|tr=pémptos]]

+ * [[πεντάκις|tr=pentákis]]

+ * [[πεμπάζω|tr=pempázō]]

+ * [[πεντήκοντα|tr=pentḗkonta]]

+ * [[πένταθλον|tr=péntāthlon]]

+ * [[πεντάγωνος|tr=pentágōnos]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[la|quinque|alt=quīnque]]

+ * [[en|pentagon]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}